Abstract

Since the discovery of lanthanides, the expanding range of applications and the growing demand for lanthanides in different aspects of life have escalated their dispersion in the environment, raising concerns about their impact on the living world. This review explores the interaction between lanthanides and different groups of living organisms (bacteria, algae, lichens, plants, invertebrates, and low vertebrates), reflecting the current state of scientific knowledge. We have aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant studies, highlight existing gaps, and suggest potential areas for future research to enhance the understanding of this topic.

Abstract

The food packaging industry faces significant challenges due to the negative impacts of conventional packaging materials, particularly plastics. These materials contribute to pollution, degrade slowly, and pose risks to both human health and the environment through chemical leaching. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for safer and more sustainable packaging alternatives. Natural compounds, including biopolymers and bioactive substances, provide biodegradable options that mitigate these risks. This review examines various natural materials used for environmentally friendly packaging, such as essential oils, plant extracts, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, chitosan, cellulose, and starch. This review highlights recent innovations, including advanced biopolymer formulations, hybrid materials, and nanotechnology-based enhancements, which improve the mechanical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of natural packaging solutions. It also presents comparative analyses of these materials, addressing biodegradation rates, life-cycle assessments (LCAs), and their environmental benefits relative to traditional plastics. The review further investigates challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory barriers, while also discussing emerging technologies such as machine learning for optimizing materials. The findings offer actionable insights that promote sustainable food packaging solutions aimed at addressing global health and environmental concerns.

Abstract

Circular economy principles applied to agriculture sector enhances efficiency by closing production loops, where agricultural byproducts or waste are transformed into valuable inputs for new processes. Transforming byproducts into energy or raw materials can substantially reduce the reliance on natural resources, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and foster a more sustainable economy that balances environmental well-being with economic stability. In this context, this study is focused on assessing the energy potential of sunflower residues in Romania. The analysis highlighted the regional variability of cultivated area, production and yield in sunflower crops. The maximum biomass potential of the sunflower crop residues at national level was 6,221 kilotonnes, and the maximum energy potential was 102,958 TJ.

Abstract

Hydrogels are a viable option for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to incorporate various healing agents while maintaining their biological efficacy. This study focused on the preparation and characterization of novel hybrid hydrogels enriched with the natural algae compound Ulvan for potential use in wound dressings. The characterization of the hydrogel membranes involved multiple methods to assess their structural, mechanical, and chemical properties, such as pH measurements, swelling, moisture content and uptake, gel fraction, hydrolytic degradation, protein adsorption and denaturation tests, rheological measurements, SEM, biocompatibility testing, and scratch wound assay. The hydrogel obtained with a higher concentration of Ulvan (1 mg/mL) exhibited superior mechanical properties, a swelling index of 264%, a water content of 55%, and a lower degradation percentage. In terms of rheological properties, the inclusion of ULV in the hydrogel composition enhanced gel strength, and the Alginate + PVA + 1.0ULV sample demonstrated the greatest resistance to deformation. All hydrogels exhibited good biocompatibility, with cell viability above 70% and no obvious morphological modifications. The addition of Ulvan potentiates the regenerative effect of hydrogel membranes. Subsequent studies will focus on encapsulating bioactive compounds, investigating their release behavior, and evaluating their active biological effects.

Abstract

Phytolacca americana fruits exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aims to investigate the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic extracts from both fresh (PEC) and dried (PEU) fruits of P. americana using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to evaluate their impact on anxiety-like behavior, memory, oxidative stress, and cholinergic status in zebrafish (Danio rerio, T & uuml;bingen strain) treated with scopolamine (SCO, 100 mu M). Acute administration of PEC and PEU (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) was conducted for one hour per day. In silico analyses were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the phenolic compounds discerned in the two extracts, using platforms such as SwissAdme, Molinspiration, ProToX-III, AdmetLab 3.0, PKCSM, and PASS. Anxiety-like behavior and memory performance were assessed through specific behavioral assays, including the novel tank test (NTT), light/dark test (LD), novel approach test (NAT), Y-maze, and novel object recognition (NOR). Subsequently, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the extent of oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain were investigated. Our findings suggest that both PEC and PEU possess anxiolytic effects, alleviating SCO-induced anxiety and enhancing cognitive performance in amnesic zebrafish. Furthermore, these extracts demonstrated the ability to mitigate cholinergic deficits by inhibiting AChE activity and supporting antioxidant defense mechanisms through increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced lipid and protein peroxidation. These results highlight the potential use of P. americana fruit extracts in managing anxiety and cognitive impairments related to dementia conditions.

Abstract

Reconstruction of extensive bone defects due to age, trauma, or post-illness conditions remains challenging. Biomimetic scaffolds with osteogenic capabilities have been proposed as an alternative to the classical autograft and allograft implants. Three-dimensional scaffolds were obtained based on Ce-doped mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) and Spongia agaricina (SA) as sacrificial templates functionalized with vitamin D3. The study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D3 functionalization on the optimal variant of a 3D scaffold doped with 3 mol% ceria, selected in our previous work based on its biological and physicochemical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the non-functionalized/functionalized scaffolds revealed a porous structure with interconnected pores ranging from 100 to 350 mu m. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SEM analysis confirmed the surface functionalization. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed that all investigated scaffolds do not exhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity toward the Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line. Moreover, the study demonstrated that functionalization with vitamin D3 enhanced osteogenic activity in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) by increasing calcium deposition and osteocalcin secretion, as determined by Alizarin red stain and a colorimetric ELISA kit, as a result of its synergistic action with cerium ions. The results showed that the Ce-doped MBG scaffold functionalized with vitamin D3 had the potential for applications in bone regeneration.

Abstract

Curcumin is among the most well-studied natural substances, known for its biological actions within the central nervous system, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and human health benefits. However, challenges persist in effectively utilising curcumin, addressing its metabolism and passage through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in therapies targeting cerebrovascular diseases. Current challenges in curcumin's applications revolve around its effects within neoplastic tissues alongside the development of intelligent formulations to enhance its bioavailability. Formulations have been discovered including curcumin's complexes with brain-derived phospholipids and proteins, or its liposomal encapsulation. These novel strategies aim to improve curcumin's bioavailability and stability, and its capability to cross the BBB, thereby potentially enhancing its efficacy in treating cerebrovascular diseases. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular pathways involved in interactions of curcumin and its metabolites, and brain vascular homeostasis. This review explores cellular and molecular current aspects, of curcumin-based effects with an emphasis on curcumin's metabolism and its impact on pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and cerebral angiopathy. It also highlights the limitations posed by curcumin's poor bioavailability and discusses ongoing efforts to surpass these impediments to harness the full therapeutic potential of curcumin in neurological disorders.

Abstract

The extraction of bio-compounds from medicinal plants provides opportunities for using the plant extract for health benefits. Rosa canina L. is considered a natural superfood, and the valorization of its active compounds requires an extraction technique that ensures a suitable extraction yield while preserving the compounds' activity. In our study, infrared laser irradiation (IRLIR) technology was used for the first time in the bioactive compound's extraction from Rosa canina L. Different solvents (water-ethanol, hexane-ethanol) and different extraction times were tested to obtain a high extraction yield. Chromatographic and spectrophotometry methods were used to monitor the profile of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results obtained for IRLIR were compared with those obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), an advanced extraction method. The IRLIR technology proved to be a more reliable analytical tool for the extraction of (+)-catechin, gallic acid, and lutein. In addition, a richer extract formula was obtained by IRLIR extraction with respect to ASE, with the IRLIR process ensuring a short extraction time, low volume of the extraction solvent, low energy consumption, and a less expensive device.

Abstract

Liposomes are intensively used as nanocarriers for biology, biochemistry, medicine, and in the cosmetics industry and their non-toxic and biocompatible nature makes these vesicles attractive systems for biomedical applications. Moreover, the conjugation of specific ligands to liposomes increases their cellular uptake and therapeutic efficiency. Considering these aspects, the aim of the present study was to obtain new formulations of cationic liposomes coated with dual-peptide functionalized carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) for the treatment of inner ear diseases. In order to achieve efficient active targeting and ensuring a high efficacy of the treatment, CMCS was functionalized with Tet1 peptide, to target specific ear cells, and TAT peptide, to ensure cellular penetration. Furthermore, dexamethasone phosphate was loaded as a model drug for the treatment of ear inflammation. The infrared spectroscopy confirmed the functionalization of CMCS with the two specific peptides. The mean diameter of the uncovered liposomes varied between 167 and 198 nm whereas the CMCS-coated liposomes ranged from 179 to 202 nm. TEM analysis showed the spherical shape and unilamellar structure of liposomes. The release efficiency of dexamethasone phosphate after 24 h from the uncoated liposomes was between 37 and 40% and it appeared that the coated liposomes modulated this release. The obtained results demonstrated that the liposomes are hemocompatible since, for a tested concentration of 100 mu g/mL, the liposome suspension had a lysis of erythrocytes lower than 2.5% after 180 min of incubation. In addition, the peptide-functionalized CMCS-coated liposomes induced a non-significant effect on the viability of normal V79-4 cells after 48 h, at the highest doses. Values of 71.31% were recorded (CLCP-1), 77.28% (CLCP-2) and 74.36% (CLCP-3), correlated with cytotoxic effects of 28.69%, 22.72%, and 25.64%.

Abstract

National Forest Inventories (NFIs) offer a comprehensive and consistent dataset for forest analysis, enabling the refinement of growth and yield models by integrating regional environmental factors. This study investigates the influence of climate on the growth of three dominant tree species in Romania: Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl). Increment core analysis revealed a general increase in diameter growth since 1960, partially correlated with temperature trends. Repeated measures analysis confirmed significant variations in radial growth across ecoregions. The analysis further explored the impact of climatic variables on diameter at breast height (DBH) and basal area (BA) growth and yield. Among nine climatic attributes and their combinations, total precipitation and average growing season temperature significantly affected DBH and BA growth. However, yield was largely insensitive to precipitation, with only Sessile oak yield showing a temperature dependence. Beyond ecoregion and climate, the growth and yield of DBH and BA exhibited positive correlations with the calendar year, age, and previous growth/yield values. Notably, DBH and BA growth demonstrated a dependence on the preceding four to five years, whereas yield was significantly influenced only by the previous year. The observed influence of both the calendar year and previous years suggests a prolonged environmental memory in tree growth and yield responses.

Abstract

Biomaterials represent a distinct class of materials used in various medical applications, such as replicating the shape or function of damaged tissue caused by disease or trauma. The increasing focus on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) research can be attributed to their properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability. PHAs can be incorporated into polymeric complexes or combined with bioceramics or bioactive substances. Films of PHO-HAp-Curcumin were prepared, and optimization studies were conducted using Design-Expert software (Stat-Ease 360-Trial Version). The effects of independent variables (amount of PHO, HAp, and curcumin) on biodegradability, film thickness, and curcumin release were studied. Statistical modeling revealed significant interactions among the components, with the 2FI and quadratic models providing strong predictive accuracy. The interaction of HAp and PHO amounts (X2X3) has a significant effect on biodegradability (Y1) and film thickness (Y3). For the degree of the cumulative release of curcumin (CDR), there was no significant interaction between the independent variables (curcumin-X1, HAp-X2, and PHO-X3). Optimized film exhibited a maximum desirability of 0.777 with 1 mg of curcumin, 100 mg of HAp, and 172.31 mg of PHO. A morphological analysis of optimized film revealed a rough, particle-rich surface favorable for biomedical use. The findings highlight the promise of PHO-HAp-Curcumin composite films in advancing tissue engineering.

Abstract

There is a significant lack of research on how climate change influences long-term temporal trends in the biodiversity of soil organisms. Nematodes may be specifically adequate to test soil biodiversity changes, because they account for similar to 80% of all Metazoans and play key roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we report on the first synthesis study focused on temporal trends of nematode fauna over a period of 14 years (1986-1999) across the Carpathian Ecoregion. We provide new evidence that wetter conditions associated to global change contributes to driving nematode diversity at genus/family level. We observed opposite trends in soil nematode alpha diversity (increase) and beta diversity (decrease) consistent across ecosystem types and soil horizons, providing strong evidence for the influence of climate change on soil biodiversity at large spatial scales. An increase in the community functional uniformity along with a decline in beta diversity indicated more homogenous soil conditions over time. The Soil Stability Index (metric devised to assess soil homeostasis based on the functional composition of nematode communities) increased over time, indicating a decline of soil disturbances and more complex soil food webs. Our results highlight the importance of nematodes as powerful indicators of soil biodiversity trends affected by multiple facets of environmental change in long-term soil monitoring.

Abstract

The twin transformation in agriculture, integrating digitalization and green practices, is pivotal for achieving sustainability in the European Union (EU). This study examines the economic impacts of adopting digital and green technologies on farms in Lithuania and Romania. A comparative analysis highlights variations in adoption rates, investment levels, and operational savings across these countries. Lithuanian farms exhibit costefficient strategies, achieving significant profitability improvements with moderate investments, while Romanian farms engage in high-cost initiatives, reflecting differences in farm size, access to funding, and policy frameworks. The results reveal high adoption rates for digital technologies, with over 76% of farms in both countries utilizing tools such as data analytics software. However, barriers including high costs, limited funding access, and technical knowledge gaps persist, particularly in smaller farms and in Romania. Operational savings are predominantly moderate (5-10%), with significant savings exceeding 20% being rare. The study emphasizes the need for targeted policy measures, including enhanced financial support, capacity-building programs, and scalable technological solutions. These interventions are crucial for addressing disparities and fostering inclusive adoption of twin transformation practices. The findings provide a foundation for developing strategies to ensure sustainable and resilient agricultural systems in the EU, with broader implications for global agricultural transitions.

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is crucial for ecosystem function and carbon storage, especially in mountain regions where cooler temperatures limit microbial activity, leading to higher SOC stocks compared to lowlands. However, the available data are insufficient to fully understand the distribution of SOC properties along elevation and snow cover duration gradients. Given that climate change models predict a reduction in snow cover duration, it is essential to better characterize these properties at a finer, mesotopographic scale (e.g., ridges and slopes), corresponding to the distribution of mountain plant communities. This study investigates the impact of microclimate on SOC content and stability in European mountain grasslands. We focused on two types of grasslands on acidic soils to maintain homogeneity in key parameters such as soil properties and plant communities. These grasslands, located across temperate European mountain ranges (Alps, Pyrenees, Vosges, Balkans, Carpathians, Black Forest, Bohemian Forest, and Sudetes), span a gradient of snow cover duration, ranging from frost-exposed ridges dominated by Carex curvula, to intermediate grasslands, without frost, dominated by Nardus stricta. SOC content and stability were assessed using Rock-Eval (R) thermal analysis across all sites. The results indicate that microclimate significantly influences SOC properties. Cooler temperatures, driven by elevation and reduced snow cover duration, were associated with increased SOC content but decreased stability. On windy ridges, extended growing seasons combined with intense winter freezing led to higher SOC lability, as freezing slows down mineralization processes. In contrast, intermediate grasslands, with longer growing seasons, showed enhanced SOC stability due to higher decomposition activity. These findings provide valuable insights into how SOC properties may evolve under climate change, particularly in relation to rising temperatures and shifting snow cover dynamics.

Abstract

To ensure food and feed security, modern maize hybrids must not only perform well under changing climate conditions but also consistently achieve higher and stable yields, exhibit maximum tolerance to stress factors, and produce high quality grains. In a study conducted in 2022 and 2023, 50 maize hybrids were developed from crosses of five elite (highly productive) inbred lines and ten lines possessing favorable genes for carotenoid content. These hybrids were tested under particularly unfavorable conditions for maize cultivation. The aim was to identify which lines effectively transmit the desired traits to the offspring (general combining ability-GCA), and to identify superior hybrids in terms of productivity, adaptability, and quality (specific combining ability-SCA). The study revealed that total carotenoids ranged from 2.30 to 40.20 mu g/g for the inbred lines and from 7.45 to 25.08 mu g/g for hybrids. A wider distribution of values was observed in the inbred lines compared to the hybrids for key carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and beta-carotene. Among the hybrids, notable performers in yield, adaptability, and carotenoid content included E390xD302, A452xD302, and A447xD302. The paternal inbred line D302 exhibited a high general combining ability for yield (1446 kg ha-1) and, when crossed with several inbred lines, produced hybrids with enhanced yields and higher levels of zeaxanthin, lutein, and beta-carotene, as well as improved unbroken plants percent.

Abstract

1. The relationship of plant diversity and several ecosystem functions strengthens over time. This suggests that the restructuring of biotic interactions in the process of a community's assembly and the associated changes in function differ between species-rich and species-poor communities. An important component of these changes is the feedback between plant and soil community history.2. In this study, we examined the interactive effects of plant richness and community history on the trophic functions of the soil fauna community. We hypothesized that experimental removal of either soil or plant community history would diminish the positive effects of plant richness on the multitrophic functions of the soil food web, compared to mature communities. We tested this hypothesis in a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment by comparing plots across three treatments (without plant history, without plant and soil history, controls with similar to 20 years of plot-specific community history).3. We found that the relationship between plant richness and below-ground multitrophic functionality is indeed stronger in communities with shared plant and soil community history. Our findings indicate that anthropogenic disturbance can impact the functioning of the soil community through the loss of plant species but also by preventing feedbacks that develop in the process of community assembly.

Abstract

This study comprehensively examined the impact of climate change on vegetation phenology within Romanian protected areas (PAs), focusing on critical phenological indicators such as the start of season (SOS), end of season (EOS), length of season (LOS), position of peak (POP), and photosynthetic metrics, including mean spring (MSP) and mean autumn (MAU). The overarching objective was to quantify the extent to which bioclimatic variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, drive shifts in vegetation phenology and ecosystem dynamics in regionally diverse and ecologically sensitive landscapes. Using high-resolution remote-sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from Terra satellite (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI)) combined with climate data from ERA5-Land Climate Reanalysis (2001-2020), this study provides a robust assessment of long-term vegetation trends. Our findings revealed pronounced warming trends and declining precipitation patterns, particularly in Alpine biogeographical regions. These climatic changes have resulted in earlier SOS, extended LOS, and increased seasonal productivity, although region-specific variability is evident owing to local vegetation types and unique ecological conditions. These phenological shifts align with the global trends observed across temperate and Alpine ecosystems in Europe, North America, and Asia, where rising temperatures and altered precipitation regimes drive similar ecological responses. This study highlights that global biodiversity hotspots, such as Romanian PAs, are experiencing phenological alterations that mirror the global patterns of earlier greening, prolonged growing seasons, and ecosystem stress, particularly under drought conditions. This study makes a significant contribution to ecological informatics by integrating phenological metrics with climate models, thereby providing a scalable framework that is applicable to other regions facing similar climatic challenges.

Abstract

The Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA II) are primarily eliminated in domestic effluent and commonly observed in conventional wastewater from sewage plants and rivers that receive run-off from treatment facilities. Nevertheless, ARA II medications show low elimination efficiencies in municipal wastewater treatment facilities, suggesting possible harmful effects for aquatic life. In the current study, individual and combined treatments (187.5-900 ng/L) of two ARA II, losartan and irbesartan, were applied for one month to marine nematodes. The results highlighted significant decreases in the relative abundance of epistratum feeding groups, characterized by a spiral amphid shape, elongated/filiform tail shape, and c-p3 life history type, especially in the assemblages exposed to the highest concentrations and mixtures. The results also emphasized that losartan is more toxic compared to irbesartan, with antagonism interactions between both drugs. Another conclusion was that Longicyatholaimus longicaudatus and Marylynnia puncticaudata were sensitive to ARA II contamination, whereas the genera Theristus, Halalaimus, and Sabatieria species were tolerant.

Abstract

For decades, royal jelly achieved notoriety and became an ultra-rich ingredient with numerous pharmacological properties especially for its use in production of topical ointments and creams. A novel formulation enriched with 2% royal jelly has been developed and characterized. Rheological results highlight a gel-like behavior of the product in the packaging, as it does not flow from the costumer's hand after application and behaves like a liquid, spreading evenly onto clean skin. A clear comparison in size distribution of pure and cream samples was noticed by dynamic light scattering analysis and completed further by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) which showed off shift changes in the gel sample as compared to pure compounds. MTT assays were conducted in quintuplicate on murine fibroblasts cell line (NCTC L-929) for testing the biocompatibility of the product in the range of 50-1000 mu g/mL over 24, 48 and 72 h. The designed formulation is typically intended to deliver active compounds to the skin surface and potentially into deeper layers. A molecular docking study was performed for binding mode prediction of P-gp protein residues with two ligands, quercetin and myricetin, in order to investigate their role in the internal modulation of drug transport across cell membranes within the skin.

Abstract

Background: Gastrointestinal tract cancers represent a significant worldwide health concern, accounting for almost one-third of cancer-related deaths. The existing chemotherapy drugs used in gastrointestinal cancers are ineffective, so prognosis is poor, recurrence and metastasis rates are high, and survival time remains short, necessitating the development of novel antitumor drugs that exhibit low toxicity and less potential for the development of drug resistance. This challenge is considerable, but evidence from the past decades supports the medicinal properties and functionalities of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and acid phenolics with anticancer activities. Our purpose was to find data on the relationship between gastrointestinal cancer and bioactive compounds from Prunus species, focusing on their molecular mechanisms of action. Results: Studies highlight the potential of bioactive compounds from Prunus species to modulate the cancer cell signaling pathways involved in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. Conclusions: The studies reviewed suggest that polyphenols from Prunus species exhibit promising gastrointestinal anticancer activities and could represent an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Further studies are necessary to validate these compounds' therapeutic potential and their feasibility as cost-effective treatments for cancer.

Abstract

Global warming and ocean acidification are having an unprecedented impact on marine ecosystems, yet we do not yet know how phytoplankton will respond to simultaneous changes in multiple drivers. To better comprehend the combined impact of oceanic warming and acidification, we experimentally estimated how evolution shifted the temperature-CO2 growth response surfaces of two strains of Skeletonema marinoi that were each previously adapted to four different temperature x CO2 combinations. These adapted strains were then grown under a factorial combination of five temperatures and five CO2 concentrations to capture the temperature-CO2 response surfaces for their unacclimated growth rates. The development of the first complete temperature-CO2 response surfaces showed the optimal CO2 concentration for growth to be substantially higher than expected future CO2 levels (similar to 6000 ppm). There was minimal variation in the optimal CO2 concentration across the tested temperatures, suggesting that temperature will have a greater influence on growth rates compared to enhanced CO2. Optimal temperature did not show a unimodal response to CO2, either due to the lack of acclimation or the highly efficient CO2 concentrating mechanisms, which diatoms (e.g. Skeletonema) can up-/downregulate depending on the CO2 conditions. We also found that both strains showed evidence of evolutionary shifts as a result of adaptation to temperature and CO2. The evolutionary response differed between strains, underscoring how genetic differences (perhaps related to historical regimes) can impact phytoplankton performance. Understanding how a dominant algal species responds to multiple drivers provides insight into real-world scenarios and helps construct theoretical predictions of environmental change.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to extract the lipophilic fraction from one of the largest source of waste in the industrial sector, namely, the tomato residue from processing the fruit. In order to make this process more environmentally sustainable, this study used a green extraction protocol employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) combined with a less energy-consuming technology, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method, to simultaneously recover carotenoids and tocopherol from dried powder tomato waste. Two NADESs, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic, were prepared and compared to support high extraction efficiency and increase the stability of the extracted compounds. The optimal extraction parameters were identified as choline chloride:1,3-butanediol (1:5)-based NADES, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (w/v), time of extraction 12 min, temperature 65 degrees C, radiation frequency 37 Hz, and an ultrasound power level of 70%. The extraction process was intensified and resulted in extracts rich in lycopene (215.13 +/- 4.31 mu g/g DW), beta-carotene (206.95 +/- 3.27 mu g/g DW), and tocopherol (130.86 +/- 8.97 mu g/g DW) content, with the highest antioxidant capacity 93.84 +/- 0.18 mM Trolox equivalent. Incorporating NADESs for the extraction of bioactive compounds offers numerous benefits, such as improved sustainability, enhanced extraction efficiency, better protection of sensitive compounds, and reduced environmental impact. These advantages make NADESs a promising alternative to traditional organic solvents, especially in industries that require natural, green, and efficient extraction processes for valuable bioactive molecules.

Abstract

Modern forest inventories increasingly integrate ground and aerial datasets. Often, prediction of both tree heights from ground measurements and tree diameters from aerial point clouds is thus required. This study jointly evaluates 77 fixed-effect regression forms predicting either (1) total height or (2) diameter at breast height of individual trees. Three conifer, three broadleaved, and a group of less common tree species in North America's central Pacific Temperate Rainforest are considered. Prediction accuracy was dominated by selection of base model form and differences between naturally regenerated and plantation stands, resulting in model efficiencies near 90% for height and 85% for diameter. Inclusion of generalizing stand structure and physiographic variables increased height model efficiency by 0.0%-1.2%, comparable to the 0.0%-0.9% increase from generalizing diameter models. This broad evaluation and selection process enables increased forest inventory accuracy and improved tree growth prediction by evaluating new and existing allometric model forms, creating or substantially revising allometric models for study area species, and establishing a basis for further model development in any forest. Generalized additive models, in particular, were preferred to nonlinear or linear regressions in 65% of species and response variable combinations, indicating opportunity to revise nonlinear regressions to better utilize their greater interpretability, quicker fitting, and rapid evaluation times.

Abstract

Background: Phytocarriers are advanced drug delivery systems that use biocompatible and biodegradable materials to enhance the efficacy, stability, and bioavailability of natural products. The sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry extract is rich in essential fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its wide-ranging health benefits. In this study, we assessed the morphology, intracellular delivery, and anti-inflammatory effect of sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC)-based phytocarriers loaded with ethanolic extract from sea buckthorn berries (sea buckthorn carrier nanostructures, further defined as phytocarriers). Methods: Negative and electron cryo-microscopy were used to analyze hollow and loaded nanocarriers. The cyto-compatibility of nanocarriers was assessed by endpoint (LDH and MTS) and real-time cell assays, on both human fibroblasts (HS27) and human normal monocytes (SC). The anti-inflammatory effect of hollow and loaded nanocarriers was tested by multiplexing. Results: The negative and electron cryo-microscopy analyses showed that NaC-based phytocarriers were spherical, whilst NaDC-based phytocarriers were predominantly polymorphic. Moreover, the NaDC-based phytocarriers frequently formed large lipid networks or plaques. Although 24 h cytotoxicity testing showed both types of nanocarriers are biocompatible with human fibroblasts and monocytes, based on a long-term real-time assay, NaDC delayed fibroblast proliferation. NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers did not impair fibroblast proliferation in the long term and they were uptaken by cells, as shown by hyperspectral microscopy. NaC nanocarriers and NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers induced an anti-inflammatory effect, lowering IL-8 cytokine production in normal human monocytes as soon as 4 h of treatment lapsed. Conclusions: NaC-derived phytocarriers loaded with sea buckthorn alcoholic extract are a cell-compatible delivery system with anti-inflammatory properties.

Abstract

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), previously known as nosocomial infections, represent a significant threat to healthcare systems worldwide, prolonging patient hospital stays and the duration of antimicrobial therapy. One of the most serious consequences of HAIs is the increase in the rate of antibiotic resistance (AR) generated by the prolonged, frequent, and sometimes incorrect use of antibiotics, which leads to the selection of resistant bacteria, making treatment difficult and expensive, with direct consequences for the safety of patients and healthcare personnel. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of HAIs is mandatory to develop appropriate infection prevention and control practices (IPC) and new therapeutic strategies. This review aimed to present the prevalence, risk factors, current diagnosis, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning approaches, future perspectives in combating HAIs causative bacteria (phage therapy, microbiome-based interventions, and vaccination), and HAIs surveillance strategies. Also, we discussed the latest findings regarding the relationships of AR with climate change and environmental pollution in the context of the One Health approach. Phage therapy is an emerging option that can offer an alternative to ineffective antibiotic treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing HAIs. Clinical trials dealing with vaccine development for resistant bacteria have yielded conflicting results. Two promising strategies, fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic therapy, proved highly effective against recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and have been shown to reduce HAI incidence in hospitalized patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems offer promising predictive capabilities in processing large volumes of clinical, microbiological, and patient data but require robust data integration. Our paper argues that HAIs are still a global challenge, requiring stringent IPC policies, computer vision, and AI-powered tools. Despite promising avenues like integrated One Health approaches, optimized phage therapy, microbiome-based interventions, and targeted vaccine development, several knowledge gaps in clinical efficacy, standardization, and pathogen complexity remain to be answered.

Abstract

Worldwide tree diversity loss raises concerns about functional and energetic declines across trophic levels. In this study, we coupled 160 above-and belowground food webs, quantifying energy fluxes to microorganisms and invertebrates in a tree-mycorrhiza diversity experiment, to test how tree diversity affects fluxes of energy above and below the ground. The experiment differentiates three mycorrhizal type treatments: only AM tree species (with arbuscular mycorrhizae), only EcM tree species (with ectomycorrhizae; one, two, and four tree species), or mixtures of both AM and EcM tree species (AM+EcM; two and four tree species). Our results indicate that most energy initially flowed through belowground communities, with soil microorganisms contributing 97.7% of total energy and belowground fauna accounting for 60.9% of energy to animals. Consequently, belowground fauna fueled surface (62.3% of predation) and aboveground (30.5% of predation) predators. Tree diversity increased ecosystem multifunctionality (indicated by total and averaged energy fluxes) by '30% and energy across most trophic levels in EcM tree communities, while it shifted food webs from fast (such as bacterial-dominated) to slow (such as fungal-dominated) channels in AM tree communities. Tree diversity primarily impacted energy fluxes through belowground communities and strengthened the coupling of above-and belowground food webs, with increasing importance of below-ground prey for predators at the soil surface and above the ground. These findings highlight that tree diversity and mycorrhizal types drive above-and belowground ecosystem functioning via belowground energy fluxes.

Abstract

Cost-effective chemosensors have become an indispensable tool for sustainable monitoring in food safety and processing, where there is an urgent need for affordable, efficient, and real-time analytical solutions. This review discusses recent advances in low-cost chemosensor technologies, highlighting developments in materials, miniaturization, and integration into portable and accessible platforms. The focus is on applications for detecting contaminants, monitoring quality, and ensuring safety in food production and processing. This review also addresses the challenges related to sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and operational stability and provides insights into future directions and the role of low-cost chemosensors in supporting sustainable practices in these important sectors.

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance represents a growing public health threat, with airborne drug-resistant strains being especially alarming due to their ease of transmission and association with severe respiratory infections. The respiratory microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining respiratory health, influencing the dynamics of antibiotic resistance among airborne pathogenic microorganisms. In this context, this review proposes the exploration of the complex interplay between the respiratory microbiota and antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the implications of microbiome diversity in health and disease. Moreover, strategies to mitigate antibiotic resistance, including stewardship programs, alternatives to traditional antibiotics, probiotics, microbiota restoration techniques, and nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions, are critically presented, setting an updated framework of current management options. Therefore, through a better understanding of respiratory microbiome roles in antibiotic resistance, alongside emerging therapeutic strategies, this paper aims to shed light on how the global health challenges posed by multi-drug-resistant pathogens can be addressed.

Abstract

We propose a direct simulation of an arbitrary network of splicing processors by a network of splicing processors having an underlying path graph. This is in line with similar simulations where the target network has other widely used graph topologies: complete graph, lattice graph, star graph, wheel graph, etc. Along with the effective construction, we provide an analysis of the size and time complexity of the obtained network. Our construction may not be the most economic conversion in terms of number of nodes, hence further investigation to find more succinct networks are of (at least) theoretical interest.

Abstract

This study examines the emerging challenge of how income inequality affects household energy consumption within the European Union amidst the ongoing energy crisis. Using the Gini index and the gender pay gap as indicators of income inequality, the analysis covers the period 2000-2023 across EU member states. Dynamic panel data models reveal that the Gini index negatively impacted final energy consumption per capita as well as energy consumption specifically from gas oil and diesel, while the gender pay gap is associated with less energy consumption in the realms of natural gas and ambient heating. Causality is further explored through recent methodology developed for panel data and Bayesian networks, and the results confirm the causality between energy consumption and income inequality. To address the complex relationship between income inequality and energy consumption, policymakers should implement integrated strategies promoting energy efficiency, clean energy transitions, gender equality, and social safety nets, particularly in light of the energy crisis exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

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In the context of energy crisis, the impact of household energy consumption on income and gender inequality in the European Union is a new challenge. The main aim of this study is related to the evaluation of the impact of energy consumption on Gini index as a measure of income inequality and on gender pay gap as a measure of gender inequality in the European Union. The baseline results for the period 2000-2021 based on dynamic panel data models indicate that more final energy consumption in households per capita reduced Gini index, but increased gender pay gap. For checking robustness of the results, a shorter period was considered (2010-2021) and the impact of final energy consumption on Gini index became positive. If various types of energy sources (natural gas, gas oil, gas diesel) and various purposes are considered for energy consumption (energy for heat, energy for ambiental heat) the evidence for the impact on Gini index and gender pay gap is mixed in the period 2010-2021. Besides these results based on dynamic panel data models, this study brings as novelty for literature the analysis of causal relationships between various types of energy consumption and income/gender inequality using a specific panel causality test that allow heterogenous parameters and Bayesian networks. The policy recommendations based on these results refer to the reduction of energy consumption in times of energy crisis to ensure less income and gender inequality.

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The present study evaluates the potential of sorghum, soybean, and corn residues, grown on unproductive soils from a coal mining region, to generate green energy through pyrolysis and gasification, Sharing knowledge in biomass valorization, the study also delivers explicit insights, useful to various stakeholders (local authorities, energy companies, and policymakers) regarding feedstock selection and process optimization, according to their specific goals. the aim is to optimize the composition of the developed synthesis gases, which are rich in H-2 and CH4, and the energetic properties through the variation of the process conditions. After a comprehensive feedstock characterization, the synthesis gases were continuously investigated through mass spectrometry to assess the chemical properties and calculate the physical ones. The obtained data were analyzed using evolutional charts and statistical tools (Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis), emphasizing the interrelationships between feedstock characteristics and syngas composition. Key findings indicate that sorghum pyrolysis at 800 degrees C-1000 degrees C yielded the highest H-2, while corn generated more CH4 and CO, along with the highest calorific value. The statistical analysis demonstrated correlations between gas yields and biomass properties (e.g. hemicellulose, C/H, and O/H ratios). Biomass type had a greater influence on each process compared to the temperature.

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Skin defects caused by injuries such as burns that exceed a certain diameter no longer heal spontaneously and require more complex interventions. Hydrogels have received special attention due to their unique ability to block the penetration of bacteria into wounds as they can absorb contaminated exudates and exhibit a high degree of flexibility. This study is focused on the preparation and characterization of novel antibacterial biocomposite hydrogels based on two carbohydrates, alginate and hyaluronic acid (HA), with immobilized ZnO NPs and curcumin-loaded electrospun nanofibers to improve the efficacy of the wound healing process. The hydrogel matrix was obtained after crosslinking HA and alginate in the presence of the DMT-MM activator. Hydrogels were physicochemically characterized by FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the swelling degree was also investigated. It appeared that the swelling behavior of the biocomposite hydrogels was influenced by the amount of ZnO NPs and by the presence of nanofibers. Biodegradability, hemolysis, cell viability, antimicrobial, and in vitro irritability tests were carried out to assess their biological properties. The obtained results highlighted that these hydrogels are biodegradable, hemocompatible, non-cytotoxic, and non-irritating and have good antimicrobial activity. Based on the obtained results, these materials might be interesting candidates for wound healing treatment.

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Curcumin (CRC) is a natural active principle with important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor properties but has some limitations, such as poor bioavailability, low water solubility, and rapid metabolism. To preserve CRC's benefits and eliminate its limitations, novel CRC-loaded core-shell electrospun nanofibers were designed. The nanofibers were prepared by co-axial electrospinning method using poly(vinyl alcohol)/CRC as core and poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate as shell. Polymer coating protects the CRC, increasing its stability. The swelling degree of CRC- loaded nanofibers at pH 5.4 was around 326% higher than at pH 7.4 (297%) due to the repulsions of the anion-anion COO- groups. The release efficiency of CRC at pH 7.4 was 81%, while at pH 5.4 was about 96%. In the first 6 h, there was a slower release of CRC from the nanofibers in both acidic and slightly alkaline environments. Nanofibers showed good hemocompatibility, the values being between 2.36-3.22% after the first 90 min of contact, and after 180 min of treatment, the degree of erythrocyte lysis was between 3.78 and 4.93%. Cell viability assay on V79-4 Chinese hamster fibroblasts demonstrated that treatment with free CRC led to a value of 39% whereas for CRC-loaded nanofibers, the cell viability value increased to 59.66%. The results of the present study indicated that CRC-loaded electrospun nanofibers can have great potential for biomedical applications.

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Conventional administration of drugs to the inner ear involves therapeutic instability and non-specificity of release, and to overcome these limitations, various drug delivery systems have been developed. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize peptides-functionalized oligochitosan microcapsules loaded with Dexamethasone and magnetic nanoparticles, which can be used for dual active targeted treatment of inner ear inflammation. The diameter of spherical microcapsules in aqueous solutions was found in the micrometer range. In vitro dexamethasone release kinetics, capsules biodegradation, haemolysis and cellular viability on V79-4 normal cells were also investigated. The release efficiency of dexamethasone from the microcapsules was between 74 % and 99.8 % after 24 h. Obtained results indicated that all analyzed microcapsules showed hemolysis degrees lower than 3 %, which demonstrated their non-hemolytic character. The viability and morphology tests on V79-4 cells depended on the administered dose and after a 48-h treatment, all analyzed capsules showed a non-toxic, weak or moderately cytotoxic effect.

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Biomaterials represent a distinct class of materials used in various medical applications, such as replicating the shape or function of damaged tissue caused by disease or trauma. The increasing focus on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) research can be attributed to their properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability. PHAs can be incorporated into polymeric complexes or combined with bioceramics or bioactive substances. Films of PHO-HAp-Curcumin were prepared, and optimization studies were conducted using Design-Expert software (Stat-Ease 360-Trial Version). The effects of independent variables (amount of PHO, HAp, and curcumin) on biodegradability, film thickness, and curcumin release were studied. Statistical modeling revealed significant interactions among the components, with the 2FI and quadratic models providing strong predictive accuracy. The interaction of HAp and PHO amounts (X2X3) has a significant effect on biodegradability (Y1) and film thickness (Y3). For the degree of the cumulative release of curcumin (CDR), there was no significant interaction between the independent variables (curcumin-X1, HAp-X2, and PHO-X3). Optimized film exhibited a maximum desirability of 0.777 with 1 mg of curcumin, 100 mg of HAp, and 172.31 mg of PHO. A morphological analysis of optimized film revealed a rough, particle-rich surface favorable for biomedical use. The findings highlight the promise of PHO-HAp-Curcumin composite films in advancing tissue engineering. © 2025 by the authors.

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), previously known as nosocomial infections, represent a significant threat to healthcare systems worldwide, prolonging patient hospital stays and the duration of antimicrobial therapy. One of the most serious consequences of HAIs is the increase in the rate of antibiotic resistance (AR) generated by the prolonged, frequent, and sometimes incorrect use of antibiotics, which leads to the selection of resistant bacteria, making treatment difficult and expensive, with direct consequences for the safety of patients and healthcare personnel. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of HAIs is mandatory to develop appropriate infection prevention and control practices (IPC) and new therapeutic strategies. This review aimed to present the prevalence, risk factors, current diagnosis, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning approaches, future perspectives in combating HAIs causative bacteria (phage therapy, microbiome-based interventions, and vaccination), and HAIs surveillance strategies. Also, we discussed the latest findings regarding the relationships of AR with climate change and environmental pollution in the context of the One Health approach. Phage therapy is an emerging option that can offer an alternative to ineffective antibiotic treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing HAIs. Clinical trials dealing with vaccine development for resistant bacteria have yielded conflicting results. Two promising strategies, fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic therapy, proved highly effective against recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and have been shown to reduce HAI incidence in hospitalized patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems offer promising predictive capabilities in processing large volumes of clinical, microbiological, and patient data but require robust data integration. Our paper argues that HAIs are still a global challenge, requiring stringent IPC policies, computer vision, and AI-powered tools. Despite promising avenues like integrated One Health approaches, optimized phage therapy, microbiome-based interventions, and targeted vaccine development, several knowledge gaps in clinical efficacy, standardization, and pathogen complexity remain to be answered. © The Author(s) 2025.

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Antibiotic resistance represents a growing public health threat, with airborne drug-resistant strains being especially alarming due to their ease of transmission and association with severe respiratory infections. The respiratory microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining respiratory health, influencing the dynamics of antibiotic resistance among airborne pathogenic microorganisms. In this context, this review proposes the exploration of the complex interplay between the respiratory microbiota and antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the implications of microbiome diversity in health and disease. Moreover, strategies to mitigate antibiotic resistance, including stewardship programs, alternatives to traditional antibiotics, probiotics, microbiota restoration techniques, and nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions, are critically presented, setting an updated framework of current management options. Therefore, through a better understanding of respiratory microbiome roles in antibiotic resistance, alongside emerging therapeutic strategies, this paper aims to shed light on how the global health challenges posed by multi-drug-resistant pathogens can be addressed. © 2025 by the authors.

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Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021. Interpretation: The countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services. Funding: Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

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A stable layer of 4-phenyl isothiocyanate (4-PITC) was successfully electrografted on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrode modification process was performed in three sequential steps in a single solution: (1) reduction by chronoamperometry of the nitro groups of 4-NITC to amino moieties (2) in situ reaction of amino with nitrous acid to obtain unstable diazonium functional groups and (3) electrografting by chronopotentiometry of diazonium. A thin optimal layer with minimum surface fouling was obtained. The formation of the organic film was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode was used for detection of Pb(II) and Fe(II) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection 1.2 mu g L-1 for Pb(II) and of 2.0 mu g L-1 for Fe(II) were achieved. The developed electrode was successfully applied to detect Pb(II) and Fe(II) in injectable iron pharmaceuticals used to treat iron deficiency anemia simultaneous with investigation of contamination by Pb(II).

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The identification of melatonin in grapes has led to the publication of numerous studies on melatonin in wines, and the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data on melatonin concentrations in wines. In this context, international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for relevant articles (437) up to 29 March 2025. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. A total of 15 studies from eight countries, involving various wine types and analytical methods, were included in the meta-analysis. Considerable analytical variation was observed across studies, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with either mass spectrometry (MS) or fluorescence (FL) detection was shown to be the most accurate and sensitive method for quantifying melatonin. The highest concentrations were found in Spanish red Tempranillo wine, Romanian white Noah wine, and Romanian ros & eacute; Lidia wine. Red wines, particularly those produced from Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grapes, were the most frequently studied. The results of this work provide a clearer picture of melatonin levels in wine. Further research is needed to explore the implications of melatonin content in wine for human health and the wine industry.

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Capitalizing on invasive plant species and stopping their aggressive spread might be achieved by using them as a renewable source of useful products such as cellulose. The study aimed to develop new cellulose-based food packaging materials with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The cellulose was extracted from the invasive plant species Robinia pseudoacacia pods, crosslinked with citric acid, used as reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and functionalized with ferulic acid (FA). The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, ATR-FTIR, contact angle and SEM. The materials exhibited low solubility in water and the swelling degree was proportional to the FA content. The FA release from the matrix was assessed by HPLC and the antioxidant profile by CUPRAC, FRAP, and TEAC methods. The obtained materials inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and molds, being especially active on Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Overall, the most promising formulation for further developing new packaging materials for products with water activity less than 0.95 was the one with the highest FA content.

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Recent European guidelines support the use of recycled and biodegradable packaging for food applications. The approval of such packaging must not alter food's taste or be harmful to health. In this work, PLA pellets were subjected to a post-consumer contamination procedure, washing process, and mechanical recycling, under common conditions of the recycling industry. HS-SPME-GC-MS and HS-SPME-GC-O-MS methods were used to detect volatile compounds and off-odor profiles. 33 different volatile compounds were identified in all samples. Intentionally added and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS) were identified, including benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. The relationship between the formation of different NIAS and the PLA recycling process steps was determined. 14 different odor compounds such as benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, nonanal, decanal, dodecanal, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol were detected and classified into 4 aroma groups (Toasted, Flower, Green and Chemical). The results obtained are essential for the food safety of recycled plastic material for food contact.

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A nitrogen-doped nanocrystalline electrochemical graphite sensor for the sensitive determination of oleuropein (OL) from extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) is presented. The sensor was developed by the deposition of nanocrystalline graphite (NCG) using plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) on silicon wafers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to characterise the microstructure and morphology of the developed materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the material and the performance of the sensor. The developed sensor showed good analytical performance against OL over a concentration range of 5.00-500.00 mu M, with a good detection limit of 3.93 mu M and a good sensitivity of 0.057 mu A mu M-1. The reproducibility of the electrochemical sensor was excellent, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 8.56% for seven measurements.

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The present study evaluated three green extraction methods, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and laser irradiation extraction (LE), for the polyphenolic compounds and vitamin C extraction of Cornus mas L. and Crataegus monogyna fruit extracts. The polyphenols and vitamin C of extracts were quantified using HPLC-DAD, and the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity (DPPH and reducing power), and antidiabetic activity were also studied. The antidiabetic activity was examined by the inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, and in vitro on a beta TC cell line (beta-TC-6). The results showed significant differentiation in the extraction yield between the methods used, with the ASE and LE presenting the highest values. The C. mas fruit extract obtained by ASE exhibited the best antioxidant activity, reaching an IC50 value of 31.82 +/- 0.10 mu g/mL in the DPPH assay and 33.95 +/- 0.20 mu g/mL in the reducing power assay. The C. mas fruit extracts obtained by ASE and LE also have the highest inhibitory activity on enzymes associated with metabolic disorders: alpha-amylase (IC50 = 0.44 +/- 0.02 mu g/mL for the extract obtained by ASE, and 0.11 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL for the extract obtained by LE at combined wavelengths of 1270 + 1550 nm) and alpha-glucosidase (IC50 of 77.1 +/- 3.1 mu g/mL for the extract obtained by ASE, and 98.2 +/- 4.7 mu g/mL for the extract obtained by LE at combined wavelengths of 1270 + 1550 nm). The evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic activity demonstrated that the treatment with C. mas and C. monogyna fruit extracts obtained using ASE stimulated the insulin secretion of beta-TC-6 cells, both under normal conditions and hyperglycemic conditions, as well. All results suggest that C. mas and C. monogyna fruit extracts are good sources of bioactive molecules with antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.

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A chloroform bulk liquid membrane and Aliquat 336 ionic liquid as a carrier (ligand) were used to remove aspartame (ASP) from an aqueous solution. Experiments were performed in a tube-in-tube setup, under mechanical stirring of inner tube (200 rpm), for 7 h. The inner tube contained a stripping phase (an aqueous solution of HCl) and the outer tube the liquid membrane at the bottom and a feed phase (an aqueous solution of ASP and NaOH) at the top. Maximum extraction, stripping, and recovery efficiencies of ASP of 97.0 %, 75.4 %, and 73.1 % were obtained under the following working conditions: initial concentrations of ASP and NaOH in the feed phase of 10(-4) mol/L and 10(-2) mol/L, respectively, initial concentration of Aliquat 336 ligand in the chloroform membrane of 10(-2) mol/L, and initial concentration of HCl in the stripping phase of 10(-2) mol/L. A characteristic kinetic model of consecutive irreversible first-order reactions was used to predict ASP concentrations in the phases of the membrane system under optimal conditions. The extraction and stripping rate constants (k(1) = 2.48 x 10-4 s(-1) and k(2) = 0.574 x 10-4 s(-1)), i.e., the model parameters determined from experimental data, suggested that the chemical reaction occurring at the interface between the membrane and stripping phase was the rate-limiting step in the mass transfer of ASP.

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We have developed a bienzymatic biosensor that contains acetylcholinesterase together with butyrylcholinesterase co-immobilized on the same electrode modified with a stabilized copper containing Prussian blue electrodeposited on electrodes coated with 4-aminothiophenol monolayer using diazonium chemistry and copper nanoparticles for improved sensitivity. There are organophosphorus and carbamate neurotoxic insecticides that inhibit only one of the two enzymes, e.g., pirimicarb inhibits butyrylcholinesterase at much lower concentrations than acetylcholinesterase while methomyl inhibits only acetylcholinesterase. Our system is simple and in a single measurement provides a sensitive signal for insecticides' presence based on the inhibition of the enzyme with the highest affinity for each toxic compound. The limits of detection are 50 ng/mL pirimicarb for the bienzymatic biosensor in comparison with 400 ng/mL pirimicarb for the acetylcholinesterase biosensor and 6 ng/mL methomyl for the bienzymatic biosensor, while inhibition is obtained for the butyrylcholinesterase biosensor at 700 ng/mL.

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Acinetobacter baumannii, a notorious opportunistic pathogen, presents a formidable challenge in both clinical and environmental fields due to its resilience and ability to acquire resistance. This study undertook a comprehensive analysis of 183 A. baumannii isolates collected between 2019 and 2022 from intra-hospital infections (IHI), hospital sewages (Hs), wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), and adjacent river waters from two Southern cities, focusing on their resistome, virulome, and mobilome through isolation on chromogenic media, identification by MALDI-TOF-MS and antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion) followed by genotypic characterization [Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), 3rd generation sequencing through the MinION (ONT) platform, pangenome description, and respectively horizontal gene transfer through conjugation assays]. Our findings reveal significant genomic plasticity and the prevalence of high-risk international clones, underlining the potential of these isolates to act as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that could be dynamically exchanged between clinical and environmental settings through mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as the pMAL1 plasmids and the critical role of WWTPs in the persistence and spread of A. baumannii. Moreover, our study presents the first report of the co-occurrence of blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-72 in A. baumannii ST2 clone. Thus, our research underscores the necessity for integrated surveillance and targeted interventions across healthcare and environmental sectors to mitigate the risk posed by this adaptable pathogen.

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Network biology is a powerful framework for studying the structure, function, and dynamics of biological systems, offering insights into the balance between health and disease states. The field is seeing rapid progress in all of its aspects: data availability, network synthesis, network analytics, and impactful applications in medicine and drug development. We review the most recent and significant results in network biomedicine, with a focus on the latest data, analytics, software resources, and applications in medicine. We also discuss what in our view are the likely directions of impactful development over the next few years.

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The substantial heterogeneity exhibited by head and neck cancer (HNC), encompassing diverse cellular origins, anatomical locations, and etiological contributors, combined with the prevalent late-stage diagnosis, poses significant challenges for clinical management. Genomic sequencing endeavors have revealed extensive alterations in key signaling pathways that regulate cellular proliferation and survival. Initiatives to engineer therapies targeting these dysregulated pathways are underway, with several candidate molecules progressing to clinical evaluation phases, including FDA approval for agents like the EGFR-targeting monoclonal antibody cetuximab for K-RAS wild-type, EGFR-mutant HNSCC treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), owing to their enhanced stability in biological fluids and their important roles in intracellular and intercellular signaling within HNC contexts, are now recognized as potent biomarkers for disease management, catalyzing further refined diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, edging closer to the personalized medicine desideratum. Enhanced comprehension of the genomic and immunological landscapes characteristic of HNC is anticipated to facilitate a more rigorous assessment of targeted therapies benefits and limitations, optimize their clinical deployment, and foster innovative advancements in treatment approaches. This review presents an update on the molecular mechanisms and mutational spectrum of HNC driving the oncogenesis of head and neck malignancies and explores their implications for advancing diagnostic methodologies and precision therapeutics.

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Acute and chronic wounds present a significant healthcare challenge, requiring innovative solutions for effective treatment. The exploitation of natural by-products with advanced cell regeneration potential and plant-based materials, which possess bioactive properties, is an innovative topic in wound management. This study investigates the potential of donkey gelatin and keratin for blending with natural bioactive extracts such as sumac, curcumin, and oak acorn to fabricate antioxidant and antimicrobial nanofibers with accelerated wound healing processes. The fabricated nanofibers possess good in vitro biocompatibility, except for the sumac-based donkey nanofibers, where cell viability significantly dropped to 56.25% (p < 0.05 compared to non-treated cells). The nanofiber dimensions showed structural similarities to human extracellular matrix components, providing an ideal microenvironment for tissue regeneration. The donkey nanofiber-based sumac and curcumin extracts presented a higher dissolution in the first 10 min (74% and 72%). Curcumin extract showed similar antimicrobial and antifungal performances to rivanol, while acorn and sumac extracts demonstrated similar values to each other. In vitro tests performed on murine fibroblast cells demonstrated high migration rates of 89% and 85% after 24 h in the case of acorn and curcumin nanofibers, respectively, underscoring the potential of these nanofibers as versatile platforms for advanced wound care applications.

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Bacterial cellulose is a biocompatible biomaterial with a unique macromolecular structure. Unlike plant-derived cellulose, bacterial cellulose is produced by certain bacteria, resulting in a sustainable material consisting of self-assembled nanostructured fibers with high crystallinity. Due to its purity, bacterial cellulose is appealing for biomedical applications and has raised increasing interest, particularly in the context of 3D printing for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Bacterial cellulose can serve as an excellent bioink in 3D printing, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to mimic the collagen fibrils from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues. Its nanofibrillar structure provides a suitable scaffold for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, crucial for tissue regeneration. Moreover, its mechanical strength and flexibility allow for the precise printing of complex tissue structures. Bacterial cellulose itself has no antimicrobial activity, but due to its ideal structure, it serves as matrix for other bioactive molecules, resulting in a hybrid product with antimicrobial properties, particularly advantageous in the management of chronic wounds healing process. Overall, this unique combination of properties makes bacterial cellulose a promising material for manufacturing hydrogels and 3D-printed scaffolds, advancing the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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Background: Targeting gut dysbiosis to treat chronic diseases or to alleviate the symptoms is a new direction for medical adjuvant therapies. Recently, postbiotics have received considerable attention as they are non-viable probiotic preparations that confer various health benefits to the host without the safety problems associated with using live microbial cells. Objective: The aim of the study is to obtain selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) enriched Saccharomyces boulardii postbiotic biomass and to analyze its modulation effect because these minerals play an important role in reducing gut dysbiosis linked to cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Method The effect of the S. boulardii and Se/Zn enriched yeast postbiotics on CV microbial fingerprint was studied in vitro using the gastrointestinal system (GIS 1) and analyzed by microbiological, chemical, and qPCR methods. Result: There was a 2.2 log CFU/mL increase in the total bacterial load after SeZn postbiotic treatment and in the qPCR counts of Firmicutes phyla for both treatments. Beneficial taxa, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., as well as Bacteroides spp. were up to 1.5 log higher after mineral-enriched postbiotic application, while the acetic acid level increased. Conclusion: These preliminary studies highlight the therapeutic potential of using Se/Zn enriched yeast postbiotics as adjuvants for clinical treatments of CV diseases.

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Background The European Union (EU) faces many health-related challenges. Burden of diseases information and the resulting trends over time are essential for health planning. This paper reports estimates of disease burden in the EU and individual 27 EU countries in 2019, and compares them with those in 2010.Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals for the whole EU and each country to evaluate age-standardised death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates for Level 2 causes, as well as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE).Results In 2019, the age-standardised death and DALY rates in the EU were 465.8 deaths and 20,251.0 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were significant decreases in age-standardised death and YLL rates across EU countries. However, YLD rates remained mainly unchanged. The largest decreases in age-standardised DALY rates were observed for HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases and transport injuries (each -19%). Diabetes and kidney diseases showed a significant increase for age-standardised DALY rates across the EU (3.5%). In addition, mental disorders showed an increasing age-standardised YLL rate (14.5%).Conclusions There was a clear trend towards improvement in the overall health status of the EU but with differences between countries. EU health policymakers need to address the burden of diseases, paying specific attention to causes such as mental disorders. There are many opportunities for mutual learning among otherwise similar countries with different patterns of disease. center dot This article, systematically analysing GBD 2019 study estimates, presents an overview of the state of health in the European Union in 2019, compared to 2010.center dot There was an improvement in the overall health status of the EU, despite substantial differences between Member States.center dot Cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms are the major contributors to the overall burden of diseases in the EU in 2019.center dot The age-standardised rate of years lived with disability due to mental disorders has been increasing and is expected to increase even more because of the COVID-19 pandemic.center dot This report provides a framework upon which to base further region- and country-specific health policies and interventions, to support health planning and priority setting.

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Introduction The current experiment investigated the multifaceted effects induced by microplastics and the statin Lipitor on marine benthic nematodes.Methods The nematodes were exposed to a single polystyrene and polyvinyl chlorides (both at 1 mg.kg-1 Dry Weight) and two Lipitor concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg.l-1), as well as to a mixture of both types of pollutants, for 30 days.Results The results highlighted a significant decrease in the abundance, individual biomass, and diversity of nematodes directly with the addition of polyvinyl chlorides and/or Lipitor. These treatments induced a greater mortality rate among microvores and diatom feeders compared to other feeding types of nematodes.Discussion The nematofauna underwent a strong restructuring phase following exposure to microplastics and Lipitor when added alone, leading to the disappearance of sensitive species and their replacement by more tolerant taxa. The toxicity of Lipitor is attenuated by the physical bonding with polystyrene when added to a mixture and has no negative effect on marine nematode species.

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Essential oils (EOs) extracted from various medicinal plants offer a promising alternative to non-selective chemical substances commonly employed in conventional agriculture. Their chemical composition includes several classes of chemical compounds with beneficial properties, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanoids, which can selectively control microbiological elements in soil and plants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the essential oils and floral waters obtained from a new variety of marigold (Tagetes patula L., fam. Asteraceae, Nanuk variety) across various parameters, including biochemical characterization using GC-MS, antioxidant activity evaluated under three methods (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), antimicrobial properties (for three G(-) bacteria: Perctobacterium carotovorum, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas syringae and against three phytopathogenic fungi: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea), and insecticidal activity. The results showed that when applied in high concentrations, marigold essential oil has a potential bactericidal effect on P. carotovorum, as well as a potential fungicidal effect on B. cinerea.

Abstract

Several strategies promote phyllosphere colonization by soil-born Trichoderma plant-beneficial strains. One of these strategies is foliar spraying with suspensions containing large amounts of chlamydospores-spores with thick cell wall structures that make them highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Trichoderma biomass was produced by cultivation on a cornmeal medium and compared with the biomass produced on potato dextrose broth by microscopic and thermogravimetric analyses. The analyses revealed increased chlamydospore content and thermostability in the fungal biomass produced on the corn meal medium. The Trichoderma suspension rich in chlamydospores was sprayed on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) leaves at two inoculant concentrations, 10(6) and 10(8) ufc/mL. The effect of these treatments on the plant physiological parameters, leaf photosynthetic pigments, polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities of the leaves and fruits, and yield was compared to the control (plants sprayed with water) and to the experimental treatment involving spraying with 10(8) ufc/mL of propagules produced in potato dextrose broth. The effect of chlamydospore-rich suspensions on plant physiological parameters was more pronounced and long-lasting compared with the other treatments. The treatment with chlamydospore-rich suspension enhanced the accumulation of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaves (by 17% and 50%, respectively) and fruits (by 18% and 31%, respectively) and increased the antioxidant activity. The Trichoderma treatment increased the yield by +25.33-53.07%. The application of the foliar treatment with Trichoderma suspensions did not modify the cytocompatibility of the extracts from the fruits determined on the L929 cells.

Abstract

Growing resistance to antimicrobials, combined with pathogens that form biofilms, presents significant challenges in healthcare. Modifying current antimicrobial agents is an economical approach to developing novel molecules that could exhibit biological activity. Thus, five sulfanilamide Schiff bases were synthesized under microwave irradiation and characterized spectroscopically and in silico. They were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Their cytotoxic potential against two cancer cell lines was also determined. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to the action of these compounds. Derivatives 1b and 1d inhibited S. aureus's growth (MIC from 0.014 mg/mL) and biofilm (IC from 0.029 mg/mL), while compound 1e was active against E. faecalis's planktonic and sessile forms. Two compounds significantly reduced cell viability at 5 mu g/mL after 24 h of exposure (1d-HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, 1c-LN229 glioblastoma cells). A docking study revealed the increased binding affinities of these derivatives compared to sulfanilamide. Hence, these Schiff bases exhibited higher activity compared to their parent drug, with halogen groups playing a crucial role in both their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects.

Abstract

Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract. The obtained nanoparticles were supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica (S), before and after immobilization of 10% TiO2 (Degussa-P25, STp; commercial rutile, STr; and silica synthesized from Ti butoxide, STb). The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The plasmon resonance effect, evidenced by UV-Vis spectra, was preserved after immobilization only for the sample supported on STb. The immobilization and dispersion properties of AgNPs on supports were evidenced by TEM microscopy, energy-dispersive X-rays, dynamic light scattering, photoluminescence and FT-IR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the supported samples significantly exceeded that of the sage extract or AgNPs. Antimicrobial tests were carried out, in conditions of darkness and white light, on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Higher antimicrobial activity was evident for SAg and STbAg samples. White light increased antibacterial activity in the case of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In the first case, antibacterial activity increased for both supported and unsupported AgNPs, while in the second one, the activity increased only for SAg and STbAg samples. The proposed antibacterial mechanism shows the effect of AgNPs and Ag+ ions on bacteria in dark and light conditions.

Abstract

Introduction: The ESCPM group ( Enterobacter species including Klebsiella aerogenes - formerly Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii complex, Providencia species and Morganella morganii ) has not yet been incorporated into systematic surveillance programs. Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study analysing all ESCPM strains isolated from blood cultures in 27 European hospitals over a 3 -year period (2020-2022). Diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated. Results: Our study comprised 6,774 ESCPM isolates. MALDI-TOF coupled to mass spectrometry was the predominant technique for bacterial identification. Susceptibility to new beta -lactam/ beta -lactamase inhibitor combinations and confirmation of AmpC overproduction were routinely tested in 33.3% and 29.6% of the centres, respectively. The most prevalent species were E. cloacae complex (4 4.8%) and S. marcescens (22.7%). Overall, third -generation cephalosporins (3GC), combined third- and fourthgeneration cephalosporins (3GC + 4GC) and carbapenems resistance phenotypes were observed in 15.7%, 4.6%, and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively. AmpC overproduction was the most prevalent resistance mechanism detected (15.8%). Among carbapenemase-producers, carbapenemase type was provided in 44.4% of the isolates, VIM- (22.9%) and OXA-48-enzyme (16%) being the most frequently detected. E. cloacae complex, K. aerogenes and Providencia species exhibited the most notable cumulative antimicrobial resistance profiles, with the former displaying 3GC, combined 3GC + 4GC and carbapenems resistance phenotypes in 15.2%, 7.4%, and 12.8% of the isolates, respectively. K. aerogenes showed the highest rate of both 3GC resistant phenotype (29.8%) and AmpC overproduction (32.1%), while Providencia species those of both carbapenems resistance phenotype (42.7%) and carbapenemase production (29.4%). ESCPM isolates exhibiting both 3GC and combined 3GC + 4GC resistance phenotypes displayed high susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam (98.2% and 95.7%, respectively) and colistin (90.3% and 90.7%, respectively). Colistin emerged as the most active drug against ESCPM species (except those intrinsically resistant) displaying both carbapenems resistance phenotype (85.8%) and carbapenemase production (97.8%). Conclusions: This study presented a current analysis of ESCPM species epidemiology in Europe, providing insights to inform current antibiotic treatments and guide strategies for antimicrobial stewardship and diagnostics. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

Abstract

In recent years, various studies have been carried out to increase the concentration of antioxidant active principles in red wines as a consequence of the effects of winemaking techniques on the polyphenols content. In this study, in order to obtain the most optimal wine in terms of content and efficiency of antioxidant activity, various winemaking technologies (punching-down and pumping-over maceration) were tried with diverse gradations (Feteasca Neagra and Cabernet Sauvignon wines) and the addition of different concentrations of melatonin in must. Suitable HPLC and spectrophotometric methods were used to follow the evolution of the antioxidant compounds from wines during aging (for 12 months). After comparing the acquired results, an increase was observed in the antioxidant compound concentrations, particularly in resveratrol (85%), peonidin-3-glucoside (100%) or cyanidin-3-glucoside (100%), and antioxidant activity (10-40%). The most enriched wine was obtained in the case of Feteasca Neagra by the addition of 0.5 mg of melatonin per 1 kg of must using the punch-down technology and, in the case of Cabernet Sauvignon, by the addition of 0.05 mg of melatonin per 1 kg of must using the pumping-over technique. This study can provide winemakers with an approach to enhance red wines with antioxidant compounds.

Abstract

This paper aimed to investigate the bioactive compounds in the dry powder residue of honeysuckle cultivars after extracting the juice. Based on the analyses performed on the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, carotenoids and vitamin C, the results indicated that dried Lonicera caerulea residue represented a rich source of phenolic compounds (8041.36 mg GAE 100 g(-1)), of which about 80% were tannins (6432.10 mg GAE 100 g(-1)). The flavonoid content varied around 2436.95 mg CE 100 g(-1). Vitamin C (185 mg 100 g(-1)), lycopene and beta-carotene (over 2.5 and 2.8 mg 100 g(-1), respectively) were also quantified. Among the phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid predominated (316 mg 100 g(-1)), followed by cryptochlorogenic acid (135 mg 100 g(-1)) and neochlorogenic acid (32 mg 100 g(-1)). Flavonoids were mainly represented by catechin (2594 mg 100 g(-1)) and anthocyanins (1442 mg 100 g(-1)). Similar amounts of epicatechin and rutin were measured (156 mg 100 g(-1) and 148 mg 100 g(-1)), while the isoquercetin concentration was below 15 mg 100 g(-1). In conclusion, the high level of phytocompounds and the diverse composition of dry Lonicera caerulea residue support its high nutraceutical value and high health-promoting potential.

Abstract

In samples of Artemisia campestris (AC), Artemisia herba-alba (AHA) and Salvia jordanii (SJ) essential oils, up to 200 distinct volatile compounds were identified. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-O-MS), different panelists detected 52 of these compounds. This study offers the most detailed analysis of bioactive compound profiles conducted so far. The most abundant compounds identified were curcumene, making up 12.96% of AC, and camphor, constituting 21.67% of AHA and 19.15% of SJ. The compounds with the highest odor activity value (OAV) were (E,Z)-2,4-nonadienal (geranium, pungent), 3-nonenal (cucumber) and 2-undecenal (sweet) in AC, AHA and SJ, respectively. AHA essential oil showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 41.73 +/- 4.14 mg/g) and hydroxyl radical generation (hydroxylation percentage = 29.62 +/- 3.14), as assessed by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. In terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), the strongest antioxidant activity was obtained for SJ essential oil (antioxidant activity of the essential oils, AOX = 337.49 +/- 9.87).

Abstract

Marine glycosaminoglycans (GAG) isolated from different invertebrates, such as molluscs, starfish or jellyfish, have been described as unique molecules with important pharmacological applications. Scarce information is available on GAG extract from Rapana venosa marine snail. The aim of this study was to isolate a GAG extract from R. venosa marine snail and to investigate its physicochemical, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties for further biomedical use. The morphology, chemical and elemental composition of the extract were established as well as the sulfate content and N- to O-sulfation ratio. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that GAG extract presented similar structural characteristics to bovine heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. The pattern of extract migration in agarose gel electrophoresis and specific digestion with chondroitinase ABC and heparinase III indicated the presence of a mixture of chondroitin sulfate-type GAG, as main component, and heparan sulfate-type GAG. Free radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing assays showed that GAG extract had high antioxidant activity, which slightly decreased after enzymatic treatment. In vitro MTT and Live/Dead assays showed that GAG extract had the ability to inhibit cell proliferation in human Hep-2 cell cultures, at cytocompatible concentrations in normal NCTC clone L929 fibroblasts. This capacity decreased after enzymatic digestion, in accordance to the antioxidant activity of the products. Tumoral cell migration was also inhibited by GAG extract and its digestion products. Overall, GAG extract from R. venosa marine snail exhibited antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, suggesting its potential use as novel bioactive compound for biomedical applications.

Abstract

We define the jump complexity of a finite automaton with translucent letters as a function that computes the smallest upper bound on the number of jumps needed by the automaton in order to accept each word of length n, for any positive integer n. We prove that a sufficient condition for a finite automaton with translucent letters to accept a regular language is to have a jump complexity bounded by a constant. Along the same lines, we show that there are languages which require a jump complexity in Omega(n) of any finite automaton with translucent letters accepting one of these languages. We also show that there exist nondeterministic finite automata with translucent letters of jump complexity in O(log n) and O(root n) that accept non-regular languages. Several open problems and directions for further developments are finally discussed.

Abstract

Mammalians sense antigenic messages from infectious agents that penetrate the respiratory and digestive epithelium, as well as signals from damaged host cells through membrane and cytosolic receptors. The transduction of these signals triggers a personalized response, depending on the nature of the stimulus and the host's genetics, physiological condition, and comorbidities. Interferons (IFNs) are the primary effectors of the innate immune response, and their synthesis is activated in most cells within a few hours after pathogen invasion. IFNs are primarily synthesized in infected cells, but their anti-infective effect is extended to the neighboring cells by autocrine and paracrine action. The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in 2019 was a stark reminder of the potential threat posed by newly emerging viruses. This pandemic has also triggered an overwhelming influx of research studies aiming to unveil the mechanisms of protective versus pathogenic host immune responses induced by SARS-CoV-2. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of IFNs as vital players in the battle against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We will briefly characterize and classify IFNs, present the inductors of IFN synthesis, their sensors, and signaling pathways, and then discuss the role of IFNs in controlling the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical outcome. Finally, we will present the perspectives and controversies regarding the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Abstract

The imbalance of microbial composition and diversity in favor of pathogenic microorganisms combined with a loss of beneficial gut microbiota taxa results from factors such as age, diet, antimicrobial administration for different infections, other underlying medical conditions, etc. Probiotics are known for their capacity to improve health by stimulating the indigenous gut microbiota, enhancing host immunity resistance to infection, helping digestion, and carrying out various other functions. Concurrently, the metabolites produced by these microorganisms, termed postbiotics, which include compounds like bacteriocins, lactic acid, and hydrogen peroxide, contribute to inhibiting a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. This review presents an update on using probiotics in managing and treating various human diseases, including complications that may emerge during or after a COVID-19 infection.

Abstract

Logical modeling is a powerful tool in biology, offering a system-level understanding of the complex interactions that govern biological processes. A gap that hinders the scalability of logical models is the need to specify the update function of every vertex in the network depending on the status of its predecessors. To address this, we introduce in this paper the concept of strong regulation, where a vertex is only updated to active/inactive if all its predecessors agree in their influences; otherwise, it is set to ambiguous. We explore the interplay between active, inactive, and ambiguous influences in a network. We discuss the existence of phenotype attractors in such networks, where the status of some of the variables is fixed to active/inactive, while the others can have an arbitrary status, including ambiguous.

Abstract

Designing efficient and sustainable pathways for ensuring the transition to a circular economy is one of the main challenges to which an answer must be found, regardless of the economic sector, activity field or geographic area of interest. In order to improve the planet natural resource conservation systems, the main representative institutions and policy makers have implemented a series of strategies and directives, all over the world. From a simple crossing through relevant documents, assumed at global level such as: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations 2015, regional level: The New Circular Economy Action Plan, EC 2020 or national level: Recovery and Resilience Plan of Romania, 2023, the main common denominator it can be identified- focusing on finding the optimal balance between the environmental resources rational exploitation, protection and developing competitive economy systems. The bioeconomy involves the use of renewable biomass, including raw material obtained from different categories of secondary products, for the production of finished products in the economy. Interest in the bioeconomy has grown over the last decade, and this study analyses the potential of biomass and circular bioeconomy models in the agricultural sector, using systemic modelling approaches. In this sense, studies and models of bioeconomy and circular economy applied at the regional and European level are presented, specifically for dynamic system modelling methods. Finally, we propose studying a circular bioeconomy pilot model for sunflower production in Romania, highlighting the potential of biomass and secondary products from this crop. The use of sunflower by-products in various applications, such as animal feed, biofuels, functional food ingredients or bio-composite materials, underlines their importance in promoting circular economy practices.

Abstract

Purpose: In this study, wound dressings were designed using zinc-modified marine collagen porous scaffold as host for wild bilberry (WB) leaves extract immobilized in functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). These new composites were developed as an alternative to conventional wound dressings. In addition to the antibacterial activity of classic antibiotics, a polyphenolic extract could act as an antioxidant and/or an anti-inflammatory agent as well. Methods: Wild bilberry leaves extract was prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanol and its properties were evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy (radical scavenging activity, total amount of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and condensed tannins). The extract components were identified by HPLC, and the antidiabetic properties of the extract were evaluated via alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Spherical MSN were modified with propionic acid or proline moieties by post-synthesis method and used as carriers for the WB leaves extract. The textural and structural features of functionalized MSN were assessed by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, small-angle XRD, SEM, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. The composite porous scaffolds were prepared by freeze drying of the zinc-modified collagen suspension containing WB extract loaded silica nanoparticles. Results: The properties of the new composites demonstrated enhanced properties in terms of thermal stability of the zinc-collagen scaffold, without altering the protein conformation, and stimulation of NCTC fibroblasts mobility. The results of the scratch assay showed contributions of both zinc ions from collagen and the polyphenolic extract incorporated in functionalized silica in the wound healing process. The extract encapsulated in functionalized MSN proved enhanced biological activities compared to the extract alone: better inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains, higher biocompatibility on HaCaT keratinocytes, and anti-inflammatory potential demonstrated by reduced IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha levels. Conclusion: The experimental data shows that the novel composites can be used for the development of effective wound dressings.

Abstract

The need to address the complex exchanges between natural resource efficiency and economic growth has become increasingly discussed in worldwide strategies and position papers. Resource depletion, environmental challenges and climate change are just a few topics related to fast industrialization and economic expansion. The question is how information regarding crops, climatic factors, or solutions used in plant treatment are managed. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the scientific environment regarding quantitative indicators and models for the assessment of sustainable agriculture practices. The study is based on a bibliometric analysis made using Web of science database and processing using biblioshiny environment from R package. The most relevant works and influential authors in the field of quantitative modelling for sustainable agriculture were identified and a set of indicators and metrics for evaluating efforts in transitioning towards sustainability were synthetised. Integrating practical data into quantitative models can provide insights into trends, correlations, or even predictions, and the results obtained serve as inputs for decision-makers.

Abstract

The proper management of nutrient use in modern agricultural practices is of paramount importance. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as the three essential nutrients for crop growth, play pivotal roles in ensuring healthy and productive agricultural systems. Farmers meticulously calculate and apply these nutrients to optimize crop yields, but a heavy reliance on synthetic fertilizers can lead to imbalances and environmental challenges. Managing nutrient use efficiently is not only crucial for enhancing crop productivity but also for achieving economic efficiency by reducing input costs and minimizing environmental externalities. With a specific focus on the Circular Economy Action Plan and the food, water, and nutrients category, the article highlights the significance of nutrient management, particularly in the agricultural context. It underscores the necessity of moving towards organic farming practices to enhance nutrient cycling and biodiversity. Overall, it provides a valuable overview of nutrient management and its relationship to the circular economy, agriculture and environmental protection.

Abstract

The increasing incidence of diabetes has prompted the need for new treatment strategies, including natural products that reduce glycemia values. This work examined the in vitro and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of new metabiotics derived from Boletus edulis extracts. The metabiotics were obtained from 100% B. edulis, and two other products, CARDIO and GLYCEMIC, from Anoom Laboratories SRL, which contain other microbial species related to B. edulis. Our in vitro investigations (simulations of the microbiota of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)) demonstrated that B. edulis extracts modulate the microbiota, normalizing its pattern. The effects were further tested in vivo, employing a mouse model of T2D. The tested extracts decreased glycemia values compared to the control and modulated the microbiota. The metabiotics had positive effects on T2D in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their potential to alleviate diabetes-associated microbiota dysbiosis.

Abstract

The present study evaluated the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Medicago sativa and Solidago virgaurea extracts enriched in polyphenolic compounds. The extracts were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and laser irradiation. Then, microfiltration was used for purification, followed by nanofiltration used to concentrate the two extracts. The obtained extracts were analyzed to determine their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power methods. The antidiabetic properties have been investigated in vitro on a murine insulinoma cell line (beta-TC-6) by the inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. M. sativa obtained by laser irradiation and concentrated by nanofiltration showed the highest DPPH center dot scavenging (EC50 = 105.2 +/- 1.1 mu g/mL) and reducing power activities (EC50 = 40.98 +/- 0.2 mu g/mL). M. sativa extracts had higher inhibition on alpha-amylase (IC50 = 23.9 +/- 1.2 mu g/mL for concentrated extract obtained after ASE, and 26.8 +/- 1.1), while S. virgaurea had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibition (9.3 +/- 0.9 mu g/mL for concentrated extract obtained after ASE, and 8.6 +/- 0.7 mu g/mL for concentrated extract obtained after laser extraction). The obtained results after evaluating in vitro the antidiabetic activity showed that the treatment with M. sativa and S. virgaurea polyphenolic-rich extracts stimulated the insulin secretion of beta-TC-6 cells, both under normal conditions and under hyperglycemic conditions as well. This paper argues that M. sativa and S. virgaurea polyphenolic-rich extracts could be excellent natural sources with promising antidiabetic potential.

Abstract

The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic extract contained aloin, ferulic, and caffeic acid, as well as quercetin dihydrate, as major compounds. Capillary zone electrophoresis indicated the prevalence of mannose and glucose in the polysaccharide extract. Cell culture testing revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic extract at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL through significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines—up to 28% TNF-α and 11% IL-8 secretion—in inflamed THP-1-derived macrophages, while a pro-inflammatory effect was observed at 0.5 mg/mL. The phenolic extract induced 18% stimulation of L929 fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, enhanced the cell migration rate by 20%, and increased collagen type I synthesis by 18%. Moreover, the phenolic extract exhibited superior antioxidant properties by scavenging free DPPH (IC50 of 2.50 mg/mL) and ABTS (16.47 mM TE/g) radicals, and 46% inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was achieved. The polysaccharide extract demonstrated a greater increase in collagen synthesis up to 25%, as well as antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a bacteriostatic effect at 25 mg/mL and a bactericidal one at 50 mg/mL. All these findings indicate that the phenolic extract might be more beneficial in formulations intended for the initial phases of wound healing, such as inflammation and proliferation, while the polysaccharide extract could be more suitable for use during the remodeling stage. Moreover, they might be combined with other biomaterials, acting as efficient dressings with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties for rapid recovery of chronic wounds. © 2024 by the authors.

Abstract

The recovery of by-products and waste resulting from the food chain is a current concern at the European and global level. The capitalization of agro-food by-products represents the core of the sustainable bioeconomy, an important chapter of the European Green Deal. Therefore, the applied research has to focus on the optimization of the recovery processes of bioactive compounds from the food waste and their use in further industrial processes related to food, pharmaceutical, animal husbandry domains, thus achieving sustainable agri-food practices. According to this context, this paper is reporting a brief overview on capitalization of agro-food by products within transition to bioeconomy focused on materials that would be otherwise considered a waste. An exploration of state-of-the art advanced technologies for bringing to market value-added products from agro-food side streams will be presented, based on most frequent occurrence of research topics in scientific literature. The analyzed data showed a significant increase in research related to the topic in the last decade, highly oriented toward environmental pillar of sustainability rather than the economic or social one. This investigation provides an important guidance for further directions on the development of research for valorization of bioactive compounds from the agrofood byproducts and their use in further industrial processes for obtaining multifunctional ingredients. © 2024 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Sheep farming is an important branch of the animal husbandry sector in Europe. In 2023, Romania’s sheep and goat herds ranked third in the European Union, with more than 10 million heads, contributing substantially to the production of meat, traditional cheeses, and wool. However, in the current climate context, with extreme weather events and especially long periods of drought, providing optimal fodder ratio becomes a challenge for farmers. As animal nutritionists provide valid alternatives, consistent with the nutritional requirements of the species, the present work aims to present some economically efficient fodder alternatives to use for milk production in sheep farms of different sizes. The study brings added value to research in the field of using fodder alternatives in animal nutrition through the economic aspects researched because profitability is pursued in any activity, thus completing the technical arguments of previous studies in the literature in the field. Several economic indicators were calculated, such as the total value by categories of expenses, the value of production, the level of profit, and the rate of gross and net return. The analysis demonstrated that regardless of their size, the sheep farms located in lowland areas can reach positive values of profitability indicators when using alternative fodder in animal feeding. © 2024 by the authors.

Abstract

We have developed a bienzymatic biosensor that contains acetylcholinesterase together with butyrylcholinesterase co-immobilized on the same electrode modified with a stabilized copper containing Prussian blue electrodeposited on electrodes coated with 4-aminothiophenol monolayer using diazonium chemistry and copper nanoparticles for improved sensitivity. There are organophosphorus and carbamate neurotoxic insecticides that inhibit only one of the two enzymes, e.g., pirimicarb inhibits butyrylcholinesterase at much lower concentrations than acetylcholinesterase while methomyl inhibits only acetylcholinesterase. Our system is simple and in a single measurement provides a sensitive signal for insecticides’ presence based on the inhibition of the enzyme with the highest affinity for each toxic compound. The limits of detection are 50 ng/mL pirimicarb for the bienzymatic biosensor in comparison with 400 ng/mL pirimicarb for the acetylcholinesterase biosensor and 6 ng/mL methomyl for the bienzymatic biosensor, while inhibition is obtained for the butyrylcholinesterase biosensor at 700 ng/mL. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2024.

Abstract

The complex composition of honey plays a crucial role in wound healing, exhibiting varying effects at different stages of the healing process. This study investigated seven honey varieties sourced from different regions of Romania using in vitro experimental models developed in macrophage-like, fibroblast, and keratinocyte cell lines to explore the mechanisms by which honey promoted the healing process. This study assessed the impact of honey on inflammatory cytokine production in macrophage-like cells, cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in fibroblasts, and cell proliferation and migration in keratinocytes. Additionally, correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between honey composition and its biological properties. Honey varieties presented both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects. Moreover, they displayed dose-dependent pro-proliferative effects, stimulating collagen synthesis and cell migration, thereby enhancing the re-epithelialization process. The Pearson coefficient analysis indicated a strong positive correlation between biological activities and phenolic content. Additionally, there was a medium positive correlation with the ascorbic acid content and a medium negative correlation with the glucose content in the different honey varieties. Romanian honey varieties rich in phenolics showed potential in modulating inflammation, proliferation, collagen synthesis, and cell migration, suggesting their suitability for further evaluation and development of innovative dressings for skin tissue regeneration.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue slides are routinely used in cancer diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and stored in biobanks, but their utilization in Raman spectroscopy-based studies has been limited due to the background coming from embedding media.METHODS: Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was used for molecular fingerprinting of FFPE tissue from 46 patient samples with known methylation subtypes. Spectra were used to construct tumor/non-tumor, IDH1WT/IDH1mut, and methylation-subtype classifiers. Support vector machine and random forest were used to identify the most discriminatory Raman frequencies. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy was used to validate the frequencies identified. Mass spectrometry of glioma cell lines and TCGA were used to validate the biological findings.RESULTS: Here we develop APOLLO (rAman-based PathOLogy of maLignant glioma) - a computational workflow that predicts different subtypes of glioma from spontaneous Raman spectra of FFPE tissue slides. Our novel APOLLO platform distinguishes tumors from nontumor tissue and identifies novel Raman peaks corresponding to DNA and proteins that are more intense in the tumor. APOLLO differentiates isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant (IDH1mut) from wildtype (IDH1WT) tumors and identifies cholesterol ester levels to be highly abundant in IDHmut glioma. Moreover, APOLLO achieves high discriminative power between finer, clinically relevant glioma methylation subtypes, distinguishing between the CpG island hypermethylated phenotype (G-CIMP)-high and G-CIMP-low molecular phenotypes within the IDH1mut types.CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the potential of label-free Raman spectroscopy to classify glioma subtypes from FFPE slides and to extract meaningful biological information thus opening the door for future applications on these archived tissues in other cancers.

Abstract

Aims: We introduce ReSurveyEurope - a new data source of resurveyed vegetation plots in Europe, compiled by a collaborative network of vegetation scientists. We describe the scope of this initiative, provide an overview of currently available data, governance, data contribution rules, and accessibility. In addition, we outline further steps, including potential research questions. Results: ReSurveyEurope includes resurveyed vegetation plots from all habitats. Version 1.0 of ReSurveyEurope contains 283,135 observations (i.e., individual surveys of each plot) from 79,190 plots sampled in 449 independent resurvey projects. Of these, 62,139 (78%) are permanent plots, that is, marked in situ, or located with GPS, which allow for high spatial accuracy in resurvey. The remaining 17,051 (22%) plots are from studies in which plots from the initial survey could not be exactly relocated. Four data sets, which together account for 28,470 (36%) plots, provide only presence/absence information on plant species, while the remaining 50,720 (64%) plots contain abundance information (e.g., percentage cover or cover-abundance classes such as variants of the Braun-Blanquet scale). The oldest plots were sampled in 1911 in the Swiss Alps, while most plots were sampled between 1950 and 2020. Conclusions: ReSurveyEurope is a new resource to address a wide range of research questions on fine-scale changes in European vegetation. The initiative is devoted to an inclusive and transparent governance and data usage approach, based on slightly adapted rules of the well-established European Vegetation Archive (EVA). ReSurvey:Europe data are ready for use, and proposals for analyses of the data set can be submitted at any time to the coordinators. Still, further data contributions are highly welcome.

Abstract

We searched for patterns supporting the hypothesis of compositional and functional linkage between forest floor nematode communities and dominant tree canopies, while controlling for some relevant soil and climate variables. Twenty-one forest sampling sites scattered throughout the South-Eastern Carpathian basin were selected under spruce, beech, and hornbeam-oak canopies. The relative contribution of forest canopy type to nematode assemblage differentiation was estimated through nematode taxonomic composition and feeding guild structure. The forest canopy type had a significant effect on nematode taxon/feeding guild composition and diversity at stand level. Several (diagnostic) nematode taxa and feeding guilds were positively associated with and accurately predicted the forest canopy types considered. Apart from the herbivorous nematodes, all the other trophic guilds were significantly related, in terms of their relative abundance, to the forest canopy type. Both nematode taxonomic and trophic diversity were significantly higher under beech canopy compared with its two counterparts. The highest total nematode beta diversity, either taxonomic or trophic, was attained between hornbeam- oak and spruce canopies. Nematode taxonomic and trophic beta diversity between forest canopy types were largely determined by taxon replacement and respectively, by a nested trophic structure. Overall, four concordant and two discordant patterns were revealed between nematode taxon and feeding guild composition with respect to overlying forest canopy, all underpinning the addressed ecological linkage. The present results bring evidence regarding the important contribution of the forest canopy, along with climatic variables, in driving the taxonomic and functional composition/diversity of nematode communities from the soil organic horizon.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the biotransformation capabilities of a hydroquinone-tolerant Digitalis purpurea cell line (DpHQ) for bioconverting hydroquinone (HQ) into arbutin, a compound with significant therapeutic and cosmetic applications. The research evaluated the influence of various HQ concentrations, feeding protocols, and carbon sources on arbutin bioconversion yield. By using HPLC-MS for the quantification of arbutin in biomass and medium, the study revealed that higher precursor (HQ) concentration led to a more pronounced growth inhibition under single dosing than sequential dosing. At lower sugar (3%) and precursor (4 mM HQ) levels, arbutin predominantly remained within the cells, whereas higher sugar (6%) and HQ (5-6 mM) levels promoted its release into the medium. Arbutin production ranged from 591 mg/L under single dosing to 3049 mg/L with sequential dosing, with the highest yield being achieved with 5 mM HQ in divided doses and 6% glucose. This study holds novelty for being the first to demonstrate the DpHQ's tolerance to high concentrations of HQ and its efficient capabilities to bioconvert HQ to arbutin, indicating that D. purpurea is equipped with the enzymes required for this process. These aspects highlight its potential as a biotechnological source for arbutin synthesis.

Abstract

Background: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. Methods: To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. Findings: During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. Interpretation: Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Abstract

Background and aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing global concern with an increasing incidence rate. The intestinal microbiota has been identified as a potential culprit in modulating the effects of antitumoral drugs. We aimed to assess the impact of adding Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic to regorafenib in mice with HCC. Methods: Cirrhosis and HCCs were induced in 56 male Swiss mice via diethylnitrosamine injection and carbon tetrachloride administration. Mice were divided into four groups: treated with vehicle (VC), regorafenib (Rego), L. rhamnosus probiotic, and a combination of regorafenib and probiotic (Rego-Pro). After 3 weeks of treatment, liver and intestinal fragments were collected for analysis. Results: Regorafenib elevated gut permeability, an effect mitigated by probiotic intervention, which exhibited a notable correlation with reduced inflammation (p < 0.01). iNOS levels were also reduced by adding the probiotic with respect to the mice treated with regorafenib only (p < 0.001). Notably, regorafenib substantially increased IL-6, TNF-a and TLR4 in intestinal fragments (p < 0.01). The administration of the probiotic effectively restored IL-6 to its initial levels (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Reducing systemic and intestinal inflammation by administering L. rhamnosus probiotic may alleviate tumoral resistance and systemic adverse effects.

Abstract

Epilobium hirsutum L., commonly known as hairy willowherb, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Europe and Asia. In Romania, the Epilobium genus includes 17 species that are used in folk medicine for various purposes. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antitumor potential of the optimized extract of Epilobium hirsutum (EH) in animal models. The first study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of EH optimized extract and the model used was carrageenan-induced paw inflammation. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: negative control, positive control treated with indomethacin, and a group treated with the extract. Oxidative stress markers, cytokine levels, and protein expressions were assessed. The extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties comparable to those of the control group. In the second study, the antitumor effects of the extract were assessed using the tumor model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Swiss albino mice with Ehrlich ascites were divided into four groups: negative, positive treated with cyclophosphamide (Cph), Group 3 treated with Cph and EH optimized extract, and Group 4 treated with extract alone. Samples from the ascites fluid, liver, and heart were analyzed to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer markers. The extract showed a reduction in tumor-associated inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, the EH optimized extract exhibited promising anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects in the animal models studied. These findings suggest its potential as a natural adjuvant therapeutic agent for addressing inflammation and oxidative stress induced by different pathologies.

Abstract

TMAO, a gut microbiota derived byproduct, has been associated with various cardiometabolic diseases by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. The liver is the main organ for TMAO production and chronic exposure to high doses of TMAO could alter its function. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic exposure of high TMAO doses on liver oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. TMAO was administered daily via gastric gavage to laboratory rats for 3 months. Blood was drawn for the quantification of TMAO, and liver tissues were harvested for the assessment of oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, GSSG, GPx, CAT, and 8-oxo-dG) and inflammation by quantification of IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-10, TGF-(3, NOS and COX- 2 expression. The evaluation of fibrosis was made by Western blot analysis of alpha-SMA and Collagen-3 protein expression. Histological investigation and immunohistochemical staining of iNOS were performed in order to assess the liver damage. After 3 months of TMAO exposure, TMAO serum levels enhanced in parallel with increases in MDA and GSSG levels in liver tissue and lower values of GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio as well as a decrease in GPx and CAT activities. Inflammation was also highlighted, with enhanced iNOS, COX-2, and IL-10 expression, without structural changes and without induction of liver fibrosis.

Abstract

Microsatellites are codominant markers that, due to their high polymorphism, are a common choice for detecting genetic variability in various organisms, including fungi, plants, and animals. However, the process of developing these markers is both costly and time-consuming. As a result, the cross-species amplification has become a more rapid and more affordable alternative in biological studies. The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of 13 SSR markers, originally designed for Carex curvula, in other 14 species belonging to different sections of the genus. All the markers were successfully transferred with a mean of 90.76%, and 100% transferability was reached in two species (C. baldensis and C. rupestris). The lowest transferability was registered in the G165 marker, which did not produce amplification in six species. Together, the microsatellites amplified a total of 183 alleles, ranging from 10 to 19 alleles per locus, with an average of 14.07. The mean number of different alleles ranged from 0.846 to a maximum of 2.077 per locus. No significant departures from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected in polymorphic loci. The transferability of the 13 SSR markers proved highly successful in various Carex species, across different clades and sections of the genus.

Abstract

The intricate cooperation between cancer cells and nontumor stromal cells within melanoma microenvironment (MME) enables tumor progression and metastasis. We previously demonstrated that the interplay between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and melanoma cells can be disrupted by using long-circulating liposomes (LCLs) encapsulating prednisolone phosphate (PLP) (LCL-PLP) that inhibited tumor angiogenesis coordinated by TAMs. In this study, our goal was to improve LCL specificity for protumor macrophages (M2-like (i.e., TAMs) macrophages) and to induce a more precise accumulation at tumor site by loading PLP into IL-13-conjugated liposomes (IL-13-LCL-PLP), since IL-13 receptor is overexpressed in this type of macrophages. The IL-13-LCL-PLP liposomal formulation was obtained by covalent attachment of thiolated IL-13 to maleimide-functionalized LCL-PLP. C57BL/6 mice bearing B16.F10 s.c melanoma tumors were used to investigate the antitumor action of LCL-PLP and IL-13-LCL-PLP. Our results showed that IL-13-LCL-PLP formulation remained stable in biological fluids after 24h and it was preferentially taken up by M2 polarized macrophages. IL-13-LCL-PLP induced strong tumor growth inhibition compared to nonfunctionalized LCL-PLP at the same dose, by altering TAMs-mediated angiogenesis and oxidative stress, limiting resistance to apoptosis and invasive features in MME. These findings suggest IL-13-LCL-PLP might become a promising delivery platform for chemotherapeutic agents in melanoma.

Abstract

River microbial communities regularly act as the first barrier of defense against the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that enter environmental microbiomes through wastewater. However, how the invasion dynamics of wastewater-borne ARGs into river biofilm communities will shift due to climate change with increasing average and peak temperatures remains unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effects of increasing temperatures on the naturally occurring river biofilm resistome, as well as the invasion success of foreign ARGs entering through wastewater. Natural biofilms were grown in a low-anthropogenic impact river and transferred to artificial laboratory recirculation flume systems operated at three different temperatures (20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C). After 1 week of temperature acclimatization, significant increases in the abundance of the naturally occurring ARGs in biofilms were detected at higher temperatures. After this acclimatization period, biofilms were exposed to a single pulse of wastewater, and the invasion dynamics of wastewater-borne ARGs were analyzed over 2 weeks. After 1 day, wastewater-borne ARGs were able to invade the biofilms successfully with no observable effect of temperature on their relative abundance. However, thereafter, ARGs were lost at a far increased rate at 30 degrees C, with ARG levels dropping to the initial natural levels after 14 days. Contrary to the lower temperatures, ARGs were either lost at slower rates or even able to establish themselves in biofilms with stable relative abundances above natural levels. Hence, higher temperatures come with contrary effects on river biofilm resistomes: naturally occurring ARGs increase in abundance, while foreign, invading ARGs are lost at elevated speeds.IMPORTANCEInfections with bacteria that gained resistance to antibiotics are taking millions of lives annually, with the death toll predicted to increase. River microbial communities act as a first defense barrier against the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that enter the environment through wastewater after enrichment in human and animal microbiomes. The global increase in temperature due to climate change might disrupt this barrier effect by altering microbial community structure and functions. We consequently explored how increasing temperatures alter ARG spread in river microbial communities. At higher temperatures, naturally occurring ARGs increased in relative abundance. However, this coincided with a decreased success rate of invading foreign ARGs from wastewater to establish themselves in the communities. Therefore, to predict the effects of climate change on ARG spread in river microbiomes, it is imperative to consider if the river ecosystem and its resistome are dominated by naturally occurring or invading foreign ARGs. Infections with bacteria that gained resistance to antibiotics are taking millions of lives annually, with the death toll predicted to increase. River microbial communities act as a first defense barrier against the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that enter the environment through wastewater after enrichment in human and animal microbiomes. The global increase in temperature due to climate change might disrupt this barrier effect by altering microbial community structure and functions. We consequently explored how increasing temperatures alter ARG spread in river microbial communities. At higher temperatures, naturally occurring ARGs increased in relative abundance. However, this coincided with a decreased success rate of invading foreign ARGs from wastewater to establish themselves in the communities. Therefore, to predict the effects of climate change on ARG spread in river microbiomes, it is imperative to consider if the river ecosystem and its resistome are dominated by naturally occurring or invading foreign ARGs.

Abstract

In the last decade, silicon-based quantum dots (SiQDs) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their unique properties for which they are used in medical applications and in vivo imaging. Detection of cytotoxic effects in vivo is essential for understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, a mandatory step before their administration to human subjects. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the in vivo hepatic and renal acute toxicity of SiQDs obtained by laser ablation. The nanoparticles were administrated at different doses (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg of QDs/kg of body weight) by intravenous injection into the caudal vein of Swiss mice. After 1, 6, 24, and 72 h, the animals were euthanatized, and liver and kidney tissues were used in further toxicity tests. The time- and dose-dependent effects of SiQDs on the antioxidant defense system of mice liver and kidney were investigated by quantifying the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase) in correlation with the morphological changes and inflammatory status in the liver and kidneys. The results showed a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes, except for superoxide dismutase, in which no significant changes were registered compared with the control. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical expression of TNF-alpha was significant at doses over 10 mg of QDs/kg of body weight and were still evident at 72 h after administration. Our results showed that doses under 10 mg of SiQDs/kg of b.w. did not induce hepatic and renal toxicity, providing useful information for further clinical trials.

Abstract

Background and aimsMercury (Hg) contamination poses severe human and environmental health risks. We aimed to evaluate the colonization of Hg-contaminated sites by native plants and the prokaryotic composition of rhizosphere soil communities of the dominant plant species.MethodsA field study was conducted at a Hg-contaminated site in Romania. Metal concentrations in soil and plant samples were analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The prokaryotic composition of rhizosphere soil communities was determined through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and community functionality was predicted through PICRUSt2.ResultsSite-specific trace metal distribution across the site drove plant species distribution in the highly contaminated soil, with Lotus tenuis and Diplotaxis muralis associated with higher Hg concentrations. In addition, for the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil of D. muralis, there was no observable decrease in alpha diversity with increasing soil Hg levels. Notably, Actinomycetota had an average of 24% relative abundance in the rhizosphere communities that also tested positive for the presence of merA, whereas in the absence of merA the phylum's relative abundance was approximately 2%. merA positive rhizosphere communities also displayed an inferred increase in ABC transporters.ConclusionsThe results suggest a dependence of species-wise plant survival on local trace metal levels in soil, as well as an intricate interplay of the latter with rhizosphere bacterial diversity. Knowledge of these interdependencies could have implications for phytoremediation stakeholders, as it may allow for the selection of plant species and appropriate soil microbial inoculates with elevated Hg tolerance.

Abstract

Lung infections, such as: pneumonia, chronic obstructive cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis are generally caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi. As these infections are very difficult to treat, new therapeutic approaches are investigated in order to maximize the efficiency of the treatment and to reduce the major complications that can occur. The main objective of this study was focused on the preparation of drug-loaded peptides-functionalized microcapsules, obtained by a double emulsion, based on carboxylated chitosan (CMCS), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and an activator [4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride] (DMT-MM), for the dual active targeting and treatment of pulmonary infections. The microcapsules were functionalized on the surface with both CGSPGWVRC and indolicidin (IN) peptides, as effective ligands for the active targeting of both alveolar capillary endothelial cells and bacterial cells. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ester and amide bonds into the structure of prepared microcapsules. Microcapsules diameter varied between 893 and 965 nm. The swelling degree in PBS, at pH 7.4, ranged between 1760 %- 2100 %. All the analyzed samples showed hemolysis degrees lower than 2 %, which demonstrated their non-hemolytic character. Evaluation of the impact of microcapsules on WI-38 normal human lung cells and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages revealed a non-toxic or slightly cytotoxic effect. Internalization assay proved that microcapsules were localized at intracellular level.

Abstract

Series Maximi is a group within Desmodesmus (Chlorophyta) which contains the three species D. maximus, D. perforatus and D. tropicus. Besides their large cell sizes, the most striking morphological trait unique to the members of this genus is the presence of large perforations between the coenobial cells. The perforations are either present (D. perforatus and D. tropicus) or the space between the cells is completely sealed (D. maximus). We report here a fourth species of the series based on two strains (AICB 1155 and AICB 1572) from freshwater environments of the Danube Delta, Romania. The ultrastructure of the cell walls revealed a partial closure of the space between the cells which creates slightly visible perforations in light microscopy. Analyses of DNA sequences and secondary structure of the ITS2 fragment by coalescent (PTP, GMYC), distance (ASAP), and evolutionary modelbased methods (ML, BI) indicated a fourth candidate species which included both the AICB strains investigated and other strains with similar morphological traits from reference literature. Despite its poor representation in public databases, analysis of the SSU rDNA gene for the series Maximi strengthened the ITS2 results. Therefore, based on its larger cell sizes relative to the other members of the series, cell morphology, the presence of partial perforations and other peculiarities of the cell wall ultrastructure, the independent phylogenetic position, CBCs analysis, and a different 'DNA signature' within the ITS2 fragment we suggest that this clade should be described as a new taxon of the series Maximi, Desmodesmus pseudoperforatus sp. nov. HIGHLIGHTS center dot Morphological differences and DNA-based lines of evidence indicate new species. center dot Microperforations of the space between the coenobial cells. center dot Strains have the largest cell sizes in the series Maximi.

Abstract

Silicon-based quantum dots (SiQDs) represent a special class of nanoparticles due to their low toxicity and easily modifiable surface properties. For this reason, they are used in applications such as bioimaging, fluorescent labeling, drug delivery, protein detection techniques, and tissue engineering despite a serious lack of information on possible in vivo effects. The present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the in vivo toxicity of SiQDs obtained by laser ablation in the lung and spleen of mice. The particles were administered in three different doses (1, 10, and 100 mg QDs/kg of body weight) by intravenous injection into the caudal vein of Swiss mice. After 1, 6, 24, and 72 h, the animals were euthanized, and the lung and spleen tissues were harvested for the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, protein expression, and epigenetic and morphological changes. The obtained results highlighted a low toxicity in pulmonary and splenic tissues for concentrations up to 10 mg SiQDs/kg body, demonstrated by biochemical and histopathological analysis. Therefore, our study brings new experimental evidence on the biocompatibility of this type of QD, suggesting the possibility of expanding research on the biomedical applications of SiQDs.

Abstract

Chitosan is a natural polymer with numerous biomedical applications. The cellular activity of chitosan has been studied in various types of cancer, including melanoma, and indicates that these molecules can open new perspectives on antiproliferative action and anticancer therapy. This study analyzes how different chitosan conformations, such as alpha-chitosan (CH) or beta-oligochitosan (CO), with various degrees of deacetylation (DDA) and molar mass (MM), both in different concentrations and in CH-CO mixtures, influence the cellular processes of SK-MEL-28 melanocytes, to estimate the reactivity of these cells to the applied treatments. The in vitro evaluation was carried out, aiming at the cellular metabolism (MTT assay), cellular morphology, and chitinase-like glycoprotein YKL-40 expression. The in vitro effect of the CH-CO mixture application on melanocytes is obvious at low concentrations of alpha-chitosan/beta-oligochitosan (1:2 ratio), with the cell's response supporting the hypothesis that beta-oligo-chitosan amplifies the effect. This oligochitosan mixture, favored by the beta conformation and its small size, penetrates faster into the cells, being more reactive when interacting with some cellular components. Morphological effects expressed by the loss of cell adhesion and the depletion of YKL-40 synthesis are significant responses of melanocytes. beta-oligochitosan (1.5 kDa) induces an extension of cytophysiological effects and limits the cell viability compared to alpha-chitosan (400-900 kDa). Statistical analysis using multivariate techniques showed differences between the CH samples and CH-CO mixtures.

Abstract

(1) Background: Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) can generate important medium-- and long-term disability, as patients mostly complain about associated pain, sensibility and, or motor deficit, and even psychological manifestations. Chitosan and different nanoparticles types were previously used in several studies as treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. The present study aimed to assess the hepatic responses at oral administration of simple chitosan solution and of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with chitosan (CMNPs) solution in an experimentally induced peripheral nerve injury. (2) Methods: Chitosan or CMNPs were oral administrated, for 21 days, to animals with peripheral nerve injury. The treated groups were compared with a control group (peripheric nerve injury without any treatment). The hepatic toxicity of administered solutions was analyzed histologically, through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and through the oxidative stress parameters, in comparison with the control group. (3) Results: Liver tissue histological evaluation showed non-significant degeneration of hepatocytes in Chitosan group and, in CMNPs group, slight periportal inflammation. TEM investigation revealed nuclear and mitochondrial polymorphism and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in Chitosan group, and in CMNPs group, irregular nucleus profiles and increased glycogen storage in cytosol. Oxidative stress analysis showed antioxidant hepatic effect of both treatments. (4) Conclusions: Compared to control group, both treatments produced significant increases of hepatic antioxidant protection, probably induced by chitosan properties. Histological modifications of the liver were minimal for both treatment groups. TEM investigation showed unspecific alterations of the hepatocytes structure.

Abstract

When antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs) reach novel habitats, they can become part of the habitat's microbiome in the long term if they are able to overcome the habitat's biotic resilience towards immigration. This process should become more difficult with increasing biodiversity, as exploitable niches in a given habitat are reduced for immigrants when more diverse competitors are present. Consequently, microbial diversity could provide a natural barrier towards antimicrobial resistance by reducing the persistence time of immigrating ARB and ARG. To test this hypothesis, a pan-European sampling campaign was performed for structured forest soil and dynamic riverbed environments of low anthropogenic impact. In soils, higher diversity, evenness and richness were significantly negatively correlated with relative abundance of >85% of ARGs. Furthermore, the number of detected ARGs per sample were inversely correlated with diversity. However, no such effects were present in the more dynamic riverbeds. Hence, microbiome diversity can serve as a barrier towards antimicrobial resistance dissemination in stationary, structured environments, where long-term, diversity-based resilience against immigration can evolve.

Abstract

The currently dominant types of land management are threatening the multifunctionality of ecosystems, which is vital for human well-being. Here, we present a novel ecological-economic assessment of how multifunctionality of agroecosystems in Central Germany depends on land-use type and climate. Our analysis includes 14 ecosystem variables in a large-scale field experiment with five different land-use types under two different climate scenarios (ambient and future climate). We consider ecological multifunctionality measures using averaging approaches with different weights, reflecting preferences of four relevant stakeholders based on adapted survey data. Additionally, we propose an economic multifunctionality measure based on the aggregate economic value of ecosystem services. Results show that intensive management and future climate decrease ecological multifunctionality for most scenarios in both grassland and cropland. Only under a weighting based on farmers' preferences, intensively-managed grassland shows higher multifunctionality than sustainably-managed grassland. The economic multifunctionality measure is about similar to 1.7 to 1.9 times higher for sustainable, compared to intensive, management for both grassland and cropland. Soil biodiversity correlates positively with ecological multifunctionality and is expected to be one of its drivers. As the currently prevailing land management provides high multifunctionality for farmers, but not for society at large, we suggest to promote and economically incentivise sustainable land management that enhances both ecological and economic multifunctionality, also under future climatic conditions.

Abstract

The morphological ontogeny of Oribatula pannonica Willmann, 1949 is described and illustrated. Most prodorsal setae of juveniles are of medium size, and bothridial seta is clavate. The larva has 11 pairs of gastronotal setae, including h2, most are of medium size and barbed, nymphs have 13 pairs (p3 absent), of which most are short and smooth. Basal excentrosclerites are present at nine pairs of gastronotal setae (c1, c2, d-, l-series, h1) in the larva, and at 12 pairs (c1, c2, d-, l-, h-series, p1) in the nymphs. The morphology of adult O. pannonica is compared with congeners with 13 pairs or an unknown number of notogastral setae.

Abstract

This study describes the comparison between the interaction of a series of peptide-functionalized chitosan-based nanocapsules and liposomes with two cell lines, i.e., mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 and human endothelial cells EA.hy926. Both types of nanocarriers are loaded with magnetic nanoparticles and designed for anti-inflammatory therapy. The choice of these magnetic nanostructures is argued based on their advantages in terms of size, morphology, chemical composition, and the multiple possibilities of modifying their surface. Moreover, active targeting might be ensured by using an external magnetic field. To explore the impact of chitosan-based nanocapsules and liposomes on cell cytophysiology, the cell viability, using the MTT assay, and cell morphology were investigated. The results revealed low to moderate cytotoxicity of free nanocapsules and significant cytotoxicity induced by chitosan-coated liposomes loaded with dexamethasone, confirming its release from the delivery system. Thus, after 48 h of treatment with nanocapsules, the viability of RAW 264.7 cells varied between 88.18% (OCNPM-1I, 3.125 mu g/mL) and 76.37% (OCNPM-1, 25 mu g/mL). In the same conditions, EA.hy926 cell viability was between 99.91% (OCNPM-3, 3.125 mu g/mL) and 75.15% (OCNPM-3, 25 mu g/mL) at the highest dose (25 mu g/mL), the values being comparable for both cell lines. Referring to the cell reactivity after dexamethasone-loaded liposome application, the lowest viability of RAW 264.7 cells was 41.25% (CLDM5CP-1, 25 mu g/mL) and 58.20% (CLDMM2CP-1 1.25 mu g/mL) in the endothelial cell line, proving a selective character of action of nanocarriers. The cell morphology test, performed to support and confirm the results obtained by the MTT test, revealed a differentiated response for the two types of nano-carriers. As expected, an intense cytotoxic effect in the case of dexamethasone-loaded liposomes and a lack of cytotoxicity for drug-free nanocapsules were noticed. Therefore, our study demonstrated the biocompatible feature of the studied nanocarriers, which highlights them for future research as potential drug delivery systems for pharmacological applications, including anti-inflammatory therapy.

Abstract

Ecosystem functioning depends on biodiversity at multiple trophic levels, yet relationships between multitrophic diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality have been poorly explored, with studies often focusing on individual trophic levels and functions and on specific ecosystem types. Here, we show that plant diversity can affect ecosystem functioning both directly and by affecting other trophic levels. Using data on 13 trophic groups and 13 ecosystem functions from two large biodiversity experiments-one representing temperate grasslands and the other subtropical forests-we found that plant diversity increases multifunctionality through elevated multitrophic diversity. Across both experiments, the association between multitrophic diversity and multifunctionality was stronger than the relationship between the diversity of individual trophic groups and multifunctionality. Our results also suggest that the role of multitrophic diversity is greater in forests than in grasslands. These findings imply that, to promote sustained ecosystem multifunctionality, conservation planning must consider the diversity of both plants and higher trophic levels. Research on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships tends to focus on single trophic groups. This analysis of two biodiversity experiments, representing forests and grasslands, shows that plant diversity promotes ecosystem multifunctionality not only directly, but also by enhancing the diversity of other trophic levels.

Abstract

The Romanian system of small and medium farms generates significant amounts of agricultural raw materials, an important part of which remains outside the market. On the other hand, Romania registers ever-increasing deficits in the trade balance with food products for which, however, it would have sufficient potential to be covered from national resources. In the current context of frequent crises and external shocks affecting the flow of goods and the availability of food globally (pandemics, armed conflicts, blockages in international transport, price volatility resulting from the growing demand for food for food from an increasingly large global population), increasing autonomy in ensuring food from internal sources appears as a necessity for ensuring economic and social stability. Agricultural policies are called to contribute to this goal by supporting a better integration of Romanian farm products in national agrifood chains. The paper aimed to carry out an assessment of Romania's vulnerability to food insecurity caused by dependence on agri-food imports during the 2013-2022 period, supplemented by an analysis of the contribution of the National Rural Development Plan 2014-2020 to the reduction of this risk. The study caried out an literature review on the analysed topic and a descriptive analysis of secondary statistical data provided by the National Institute of Statistics- regarding the trade balance and by the Payments and Interventions Agency for Agriculture- regarding the public intervention through NRDP 2014-2020. The study showed that, during the analysed period, Romania consolidated its position as a supplier of agricultural raw materials with low added value and, on the same time, its dependence on processed food imports significantly increased. NRDP measures have had low effectiveness in reducing food insecurity risks. The authors recommend re-shaping of public policy to support the local processing sectors for which the trade balance registers the largest deficit and for which Romania already supports the increase in the performance of primary production.

Abstract

Lanthanides, a group of elements with unique chemical properties, have garnered significant attention for their varied biological effects, ranging from cytotoxic to protective, depending on concentration, cell type, and exposure conditions. This review provides a detailed examination of the biological interactions of lanthanides with mammalian systems, including humans, by exploring their impact on different cell lines and organisms. Through a systematic assessment of current research, this work highlights the dual nature of lanthanides, identifying them as both potential therapeutic agents and environmental toxins. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of understanding their mechanisms to mitigate health risks, particularly for those exposed occupationally or via environmental sources. The review concludes with an overview of knowledge gaps and future research directions necessary for unlocking the therapeutic potential of lanthanides while ensuring safety and sustainability in their applications.

Abstract

Rhus typhina, an invasive plant species, contains valuable compounds that can be utilized in various fields. The main aim of this paper was to find the optimal conditions for extracting high amounts of bioactive compounds from R. typhina fruits using ultrasound-assisted and bead-beating techniques under different parameters (solvent concentration, solvent/solid ratio, extraction time, bead size, and material). A Box-Behnken design was applied for ultrasound-assisted extraction. The following process parameters were found to be optimal: 20/1 solvent/solid ratio (v/w), 61.51% aqueous ethanol, 10 min extraction time, with a composite desirability of 0.7719. The HPLC profile indicates that p-coumaric acid was the most abundant phenolic compound found in the BBE extract. The BBE extract was subjected to in vitro biological tests. The results indicate a high antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus pyogenes (20 mm inhibition zone) and Salmonella enterica (12 mm inhibition zone). A hemolysis rate of 19.85% was found at an extract concentration of 1000 mu g/mL on sheep erythrocytes. We report for the first time the protective role of the extract on cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts, but also a weak antiproliferative effect on the HepG2 human liver cancer cell line. Overall, we conclude that R. typhina fruits are rich in bioactive compounds that can be recovered using proper extraction conditions. Further research is required to understand and valorize their biological potential.

Abstract

Background Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.Methods To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10-54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates ( female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2 center dot 5 and 97 center dot 5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values-a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy-by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007-21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.Findings During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4 center dot 84 (95% UI 4 center dot 63-5 center dot 06) to 2 center dot 23 (2 center dot 09-2 center dot 38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137-147), declining to 129 million (121-138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2 center dot 1-canonically considered replacement-level fertility-in 94 (46 center dot 1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29 center dot 2% [28 center dot 7-29 center dot 6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1 center dot 83 (1 center dot 59-2 center dot 08) in 2050 and 1 center dot 59 (1 center dot 25-1 center dot 96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24 center dot 0%) in 2050 and only six (2 center dot 9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41 center dot 3% (39 center dot 6-43 center dot 1) in 2050 and 54 center dot 3% (47 center dot 1-59 center dot 5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions-decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24 center dot 8% (23 center dot 7-25 center dot 8) in 2021 to 16 center dot 7% (14 center dot 3-19 center dot 1) in 2050 and 7 center dot 1% (4 center dot 4-10 center dot 1) in 2100-but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1 center dot 65 (1 center dot 40-1 center dot 92) in 2050 and 1 center dot 62 (1 center dot 35-1 center dot 95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.Interpretation Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world.

Abstract

This study investigates the application of smart solutions and behavioral nudges to enhance public involvement in biodiversity conservation across the European Union. Smart solutions, such as protected areas, national biodiversity strategies, and regulatory frameworks, are direct interventions that provide a strong policy foundation for conservation. In contrast, nudges, including public awareness campaigns, eco-labeling, and citizen science projects, subtly influence public behavior without mandating specific actions, fostering voluntary engagement. The descriptive and comparative analysis reveals that integrating both approaches leads to more effective conservation outcomes by combining regulatory strength with public participation. Countries that successfully implement a mix of smart solutions and nudges, such as Germany and the Netherlands, achieve higher levels of public engagement and better biodiversity outcomes. The research underscores the imperative for intersectoral cooperation, heightened public consciousness, and comprehensive oversight mechanisms to maximize conservation initiatives. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, conservationists, and community leaders seeking to enhance public involvement in biodiversity conservation and promote sustainable practices across Europe.

Abstract

Background. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue slides are routinely used in cancer diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and stored in biobanks, but their utilization in Raman spectroscopy-based studies has been limited due to the background coming from embedding media. Methods. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was used for molecular fingerprinting of FFPE tissue from 46 patient samples with known methylation subtypes. Spectra were used to construct tumor/non-tumor, IDH1(WT)/IDH1mut, and methylation-subtype classifiers. Support vector machine and random forest were used to identify the most discriminatory Raman frequencies. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy was used to validate the frequencies identified. Mass spectrometry of glioma cell lines and TCGA were used to validate the biological findings. Results. Here, we develop APOLLO (rAman-based PathOLogy of maLignant gliOma)-a computational workflow that predicts different subtypes of glioma from spontaneous Raman spectra of FFPE tissue slides. Our novel APOLLO platform distinguishes tumors from nontumor tissue and identifies novel Raman peaks corresponding to DNA and proteins that are more intense in the tumor. APOLLO differentiates isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant (IDH1(mut)) from wild-type (IDH1(WT)) tumors and identifies cholesterol ester levels to be highly abundant in IDHmut glioma. Moreover, APOLLO achieves high discriminative power between finer, clinically relevant glioma methylation subtypes, distinguishing between the CpG island hypermethylated phenotype (G-CIMP)-high and G-CIMP-low molecular phenotypes within the IDH1(mut) types. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the potential of label-free Raman spectroscopy to classify glioma subtypes from FFPE slides and to extract meaningful biological information thus opening the door for future applications on these archived tissues in other cancers.

Abstract

The recruitment life stage, including germination and early seedling establishment, is the most vulnerable life stage of plants and has cascading effects on plant performance at later life stages. However, surprisingly little is known on the eco-evolutionary processes that determine the success of biological invasions at this life stage. We performed germination experiments with and without simulated drought stress and monitored early seedling growth in diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe. . While diploids are the major cytotype in the native European range, only tetraploids became invasive in North America. Thus, C. stoebe is an excellent model species to simultaneously study both, pre-adaptive differences in the native range (diploids vs. tetraploids) and post-introduction evolution in the non-native range (native tetraploids vs. non-native tetraploids). To account for broad spatial-environmental variation within cytotypes and ranges, we germinated 23,928 seeds from 208 widely distributed populations. Tetraploids germinated better than diploids. Within tetraploids, invasive populations outperformed native populations in germination. However, these differences were not evident under simulated drought stress. Seedlings of invasive tetraploids had a higher biomass and developed the first true leaf earlier than those from the native range, while the native cytotypes did not differ in these early seedling traits. Our results suggest that a combination of pre-adaptation related to superior performance of polyploids (greater and faster germination) and post-introduction evolution towards higher performance in the invasive range (greater and faster germination, greater and faster accumulation of seedling biomass) may have contributed to the invasion success of tetraploid C. stoebe in North America.

Abstract

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia-nodulated legumes reduces the dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Identification of locally adapted rhizobia may uncover economically valuable strains for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the diversity and symbiotic potential of rhizobia associated with three Medicago species from Eastern Romania's ecosystems. Phenotypic screening ensured that only rhizobial species were retained for molecular characterization. 16S rDNA sequencing clustered the isolates into four distinct groups: Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sinorhizobium medicae, Rhizobium leguminosarum, and Mesorhizobium spp. The chromosomal genes (atpD, glnII, recA) and nifH phylogenies were congruent, while the nodA phylogeny grouped the Mesorhizobium spp. isolates with R. leguminosarum. Medicago sativa was the most sampled plant species, and only S. meliloti and R. leguminosarum were found in its nodules, while Medicago falcata nodules hosted S. meliloti and Mesorhizobium spp. Medicago lupulina was the only species that hosted all four identified rhizobial groups, including S. medicae. This study provides the first report on the Mesorhizobium spp. associated with M. falcata nodules. Additionally, R. leguminosarum and two Mesorhizobium genospecies were identified as novel symbionts for Medicago spp. Comparative analysis of Medicago-associated rhizobia from other studies revealed that differences in 16S rDNA sequence type composition were influenced by Medicago species identity rather than geographic region.

Abstract

Given the current global circumstances, marked by severe environmental pollution-including the contamination of food-along with daily stress and a sedentary lifestyle, many consumers choose to improve their quality of life by using, among others, minimally processed food, food supplements, and gemmo-derivatives. Recent lab and clinical studies have shown the positive impact of specific nutrients with antioxidant capacities in the treatment of several conditions generated by oxidative stress. This paper reviews antioxidant plant extracts utilized as components in various dietary supplements and gemmoderivatives, highlighting their chemical composition and biological properties in preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress. A modern approach to food science brings to the fore the concept of dietary supplements vs. functional food, nutraceuticals, and gemmo-derivatives. The definitions of these terms are not being unanimously regulated in this respect and describe each category of compound and product, also emphasizing the need to implement adequate nutrivigilance. In order to enhance the absorption and bioavailability of dietary supplements and gemmo-derivatives based on antioxidant plant extracts, some encapsulation techniques are outlined.

Abstract

The label-free detection of biological molecules was demonstrated for different types of DNA. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation on nucleic acids extracted from leaves of different Allium cepa cultivars (cvs.) De Buz & abreve;u, Aurie de Buz & abreve;u, Rubiniu, Ro & scedil;ie de Arie & scedil; as well as taxa A. ursinum, A. senescens subsp. montanum, A. schoenoprasum, A. obliquum, and A. fistulosum was performed using 532-nm laser excitation. Main SERS vibrations of these nucleic acids have been characterized, highlighting those at 658, 704, 1089, and 1125 cm-1 attributed to dG and dA phosphodiester groups as well as deoxyribose, specific constituents of DNA. The mild basic pH conditions of the samples can induce a partial breaking of the hydrogen bonds from the dsDNA, which affects the A = T/T = A as well as C equivalent to G/G equivalent to C base pairs and causes the aggregation of AgNPs mixed with DNA of the Allium cultivars and species. Also, SERS profiles of genomic DNA from E. coli 1559 were analyzed at decreasing pHs from 7 to 4. Protonation of the nitrogen N3 of the aromatic six-membered ring of both deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, respectively, induces the decrease of the peak's intensity at 1588 cm-1. Furthermore, SERS characteristics of plasmidic DNA from E. coli 7832 and of chromosomal DNA from E. coli MG 1655 are provided, with specific SERS modes indicated and new SERS bands found upon nucleic acids in vitro aging. Principal component analysis (PCA) in the full SERS spectrum range of bacterial DNA was performed.

Abstract

This study evaluated natural extracts from plant biomass for UV protection and oxidative stress reduction. Conducted in Bucharest, Romania, it focused on medicinal mushrooms and pomegranate bark. The biotechnological process involved a two-phase extraction: hot water processing of Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, and Tremella mushrooms, followed by ethanol extraction with pomegranate bark and green tea. The spectrophotometric analysis identified phenolics and flavonoids. The ethanol extract showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity, particularly in DPPH radical scavenging. UVB exposure tests demonstrated its protective effect, comparable to vitamin B3, delaying oxidative stress onset by 30 min. This research underscores the potential of using natural biomass extracts in skincare, promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability by converting agricultural waste into valuable bioactive compounds.

Abstract

This paper aimed to analyzes the development of access to the internet in Romania for the last decade highlighting digitalization in rural areas. The main indicators studied in this research are: household access to the Internet in different regions of Romania and in the EU, and internet usage of households in Romania and the EU, analyzed in their dynamics in the period 2014-2023, based on Eurostat data. The results proved an increase in internet connectivity across three tiers of location: cities, towns, and rural areas. While internet reached almost the entire population of the cities, this has been more than doubled in rural areas: from 41.08% in 2014 to 88.12% in 2023. Despite these increases, Romania still ranks behind most the EU countries regarding overall digitalization, particularly at a rural level. In this context, the rapid increase in rural internet access indeed points to an improvement in digital infrastructure, but further investments in improving the gap will be required. The study, therefore, highlights the importance of sustained efforts toward improving rural digital literacy and connectivity for all, but in particular for embracing digital agriculture technologies.

Abstract

Wild Iris plants are usually found in spontaneous flora, but due to their ornamental characteristics, they can also be used for ornamental purposes, which means that it is very important to find the perfect conditions for plant growth. This research aimed to evaluate the ornamental value and adaptive behavior of wild Iris aphylla L. in ex situ conditions. Plants from wild flora were cultivated experimentally in the Floriculture field at the Faculty of Horticulture, IULS, Iasi, Romania. The biometric determinations revealed the significantly higher ornamental value of conserved plants grown in ex situ conditions compared to wild plants. In ex situ conditions, the plants displayed more vigorous growth (similar to 100%) and had a higher number of flowers per stem (5-9 flowers), whereas, in wild conditions, this species has from two to a maximum of five flowers. Given the absence of anatomical studies in the literature, detailed anatomical investigations of the leaf structure were performed, complemented by analyses of the photosynthetic pigment content to assess the plant's physiological performance. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic analyses conducted using two plastid markers (rbcL and trnL-F) confirmed the taxonomic classification of the native I. aphylla L. species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular phylogeny of the wild Iridaceae species in Romania. These findings provide insights into the taxonomy, morphology, cultivation potential, and ornamental value of the species, supporting future conservation and horticulture development programs.

Abstract

Storage spaces are economic units where complex activities from reception-storage-delivery are carried out, with the aim of ensuring a constant flow of products downstream, in accordance with the food demand of people and of the animals. The aim of the paper is to analyze the main storage capacities in Romania, starting from general information (NIS)database. The research methods used in this study have been the bibliometric analysis, the bibliographic analysis and the statistical-mathematical analysis for the calculation of averages by development regions and counties. Romania's agricultural areas are large, the soil and climate being favorable. However, the infrastructure is deficient, the number of operators dealing with the storage of agricultural production is high, but the average storage capacities are rather medium or small.Medium and long-term estimates show that Romania will also be affected by climate change, which leads to the conclusion that in order to keep harvests in optimal conditions and ensure constant production flows, important steps must be taken to develop this segment of activity.The researchers concluded that storage is the key point of food security around the globe because it ensures the preservation of products in sufficient quantities and of good quality. Romania's membership in the European Union made it possible to use the specific instruments of the Community Agricultural Policy, majorly influencing the agri -food market, increasing the value of services for agriculture. That is why funds were allocated that allowed our country to produce cereals in quantities that exceed the internal need, becoming one of the most important exporting countries in Europe.

Abstract

PBDE-47, with lipophilic properties, was found in mussels, clams, and fish where it causes developmental issues, and endocrine and immune disruptions. The current study investigated the effects of PBDE-47 (0.1, 1, and 10 mu g. l- 1 ) on the clams Ruditapes decussatus and the nematode Metoncholaimus pristiurus. This flame retardant reduced CAT and GST activities in R. decussatus after only 2 days. The AChE activity was similar after 2 days but decreased after 7 days in the digestive gland. In gills, a decrease in AChE activities was observed for both time slots. The clearance rates increased following exposure for 2 days but decreased after one week. The exposure of M. pristiurus to PBDE-47 was accompanied by an increase in CAT and GST activities and a decrease in that of AChE. The microbial descriptors supported the obtained results for this nematode. Finally, the computational analyses supported the ecotoxicity of PBDE-47 for both invertebrate species.

Abstract

This paper assesses the role that cereal crop byproducts could play in a circular economy context in Romania. The study focuses on the quantification of biomass availability using Residue-to-Product Ratio (RPR) and estimating the bioenergy potentials by means of Lower Heating Value (LHV) calculations for a variety of byproducts of vegetal crops. Results show that cereal crop side products an important source of biomass and hence offer opportunities for bioenergy and circular agricultural systems. However, in an effort to balance the approach of biomass utilization, sustainability issues related to soil health and food security are also discussed. This work emphasizes the importance of considering environmental and economic advantages in contributing to a circular bioeconomy.

Abstract

Climate change and land-use intensification are threatening soil communities and ecosystem functions. Understanding the combined effects of climate change and land use is crucial for predicting future impacts on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems. Here, we used a field experiment to quantify the combined effects of climate change (warming and altered precipitation patterns) and land use (agricultural type and management intensity) on soil food webs across nematodes, micro-, and macroarthropods. Specifically, we investigated two types of agricultural systems-croplands and grasslands-under both high- and low-intensity management. We focused on assessing the functioning of soil food webs by investigating changes in energy flux to consumers in the main trophic groups: decomposers, microbivores, herbivores, and predators. While the total energy flux and detritivory, herbivory and predation in the soil food web remained unchanged across treatments, low-intensity land use-compared to high intensity-led to higher microbivory and microbial control under future climate conditions (i.e., warming and summer drought) in croplands and grasslands. At the same time, microbial and herbivore control were higher under low-intensity land use in croplands and grasslands. Overall, our results underscore the potential benefits of less intensive, more sustainable management practices for soil food-web functioning under current and future climate scenarios.

Abstract

Improving the predictive power of food web analysis is a major challenge. Identifying the relationships that link topological and dynamical features may help. We used the predictions of loop analysis about the effect of perturbations targeted to the components of Barents sea food web to quantify their sensitivity and community impact, that we summarized in two new indices, NI and NS. Using a multivariate analysis we interpreted the meaning of these indices in a benchmarking exercise using several well recognized indices of species topological (positional) importance. Our findings suggest that the information the two indices proposed here provides does not overlap with that of more diffused topological indices of positional importance (i.e. centrality indices). The former are express the dynamic consequences of the topology in which species are embedded, whereas for the latter such dynamical consequences are mostly hypothesized on a topological base. The indices of loop analysis are based on the effective role a species plays in passing the impacts to other species (NI) and their role as sinks of the perturbations entering anywhere in the system (NS). These two indices, in the end, reveal how the topology of the network affects the response of the species to perturbations and thus emphasize the interaction between topology and dynamics. Based on our results, the question related to conservation is whether to prioritize sensitive species, that can be more strongly influenced when others are perturbed, or species of high impact, that can more strongly influence the rest of the community if perturbed.

Abstract

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Aries red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC-MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Aries red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 mu g/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Abstract

Mesoporous titania nanoparticles (NPs) can be used for encapsulation polyphenols, with applications in the food industry, cosmetics, or biomedicine. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method combined with solvothermal treatment. TiO2 NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, the N2 adsorption method, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The sample prepared using Pluronic F127 presented a higher surface area and less agglomerated NPs than the samples synthesized with Pluronic P123. Grape marc (GM), a by-product from wine production, can be exploited for preparing extracts with good antioxidant properties. In this regard, we prepared hydroethanolic and ethanolic GM extracts from two cultivars, Feteasca Neagra (FN) and Pinot Noir. The extract components were determined by spectrometric analyses and HPLC. The extract with the highest radical scavenging activity, the hydroethanolic FN extract, was encapsulated in titania (FN@TiO2) and compared with SBA-15 silica support. Both resulting materials showed biocompatibility on the NCTC fibroblast cell line in a 50-300 mu g/mL concentration range after 48 h of incubation and even better radical scavenging potential than the free extract. Although titania has a lower capacity to host polyphenols than SBA-15, the FN@TiO2 sample shows better cytocompatibility (up to 700 mu mg/mL), and therefore, it could be used for skin-care products.

Abstract

In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the recovery of bioactive compounds from waste and by-products resulting from the agro-industrial sector and their valorization into new products, which can be used in the health, food, or agricultural industry, as innovative and sustainable approaches to waste management. In this work, two of these by-products resulting from the fruit-processing industry were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds (polyphenols), namely lingonberry pomace (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and grape pomace (Vitis vinifera). Two green extraction techniques were employed to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts (solvent: 50% EtOH, 10% mass): ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extracts were subjected to micro- and ultrafiltration processes, and further analyzed to determine the bioactive compound content through spectrophotometric (UV-Vis) and chromatographic (HPLC-PDA) methods. Additionally, the extracts exhibited significant enzyme inhibition, particularly against alpha-amylase and beta-glucosidase, suggesting potential anti-diabetic properties. The extracts characteristics, polyphenolic content, antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibitory ability, were statistically compared, and significant differences were found between the two extraction methods. The grape pomace concentrated extracts showed a pronounced inhibitory activity on both analyzed enzymes compared to the lingonberry pomace concentrated extracts, closer to the standard used; e.g., IC50 alpha-amylase = 0.30 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL (IC50 acarbose = 0.3 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL), IC50 alpha-glucosidase = 0.60 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL (IC50 acarbose = 0.57 +/- 0.02 mu g/mL). These findings highlight the potential of agro-industrial residues as bioactive compound resources, with their valorization through application in food, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical industries therefore contributing to the sustainable development and promotion of circular economy principles with the recovery of valuable inputs from plant by-products.

Abstract

A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based disposable electrochemical sensor for dipyridamole (DIP) determination was obtained. The sensor was rapidly prepared by potentiodynamic electrochemical polymerization on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) using curcumin (CUR) as a functional monomer and DIP as a template molecule. After the optimization of the conditions (pH, monomer-template ratio, scan rate, number of cyclic voltammetric cycles applied in the electro-polymerization process and extraction time of the template molecule) for MIP formation, DIP voltammetric behavior at the modified electrode (MIP_PGE) was investigated. DIP oxidation took place in a pH-dependent, irreversible mixed diffusion-adsorption controlled process. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdSDPV) were used to quantify DIP from pharmaceutical and tap water samples. Under optimized conditions (Britton-Robinson buffer at pH = 3.29), the obtained linear ranges were 5.00 x 10-8-1.00 x 10-5 mol/L and 5.00 x 10-9-1.00 x 10-7 mol/L DIP for DPV and AdSDPV, respectively. The limits of detection of the methods were 1.47 x 10-8 mol/L for DPV and 3.96 x 10-9 mol/L DIP for AdSDPV.

Abstract

New haloaminopyrazole derivatives differing in the number of pyrazole nuclei 4a-f and 5a-e, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and elemental analysis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction method was used to describe compounds 4a and 5d. When tested on normal NCTC fibroblasts in vitro, the newly synthesized derivatives were shown to be non-cytotoxic at a dosage of 25 mu g/mL. Two compounds 4a and 5d showed a high degree of biocompatibility. From the two series of compounds tested on HEp-2 human cervical carcinoma cells, compound 5d showed a more pronounced antiproliferative effect. Gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Gram-negative strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and strains of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 were used to test the newly synthesized compounds antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Among the studied pyrazole compounds, 2 compounds 4a and 5a with fluorine content on the phenyl ring and 4 compounds 4b, 4e, 4f, and 5b with chlorine content on the phenyl ring were noted, which proved to be the most active compared with the two reference drugs, metronidazole and nitrofurantoin. The six compounds showed a broad spectrum of action against all four tested bacterial strains, the most active being compound 4b, with a chlorine atom in the 4 position of the phenyl nucleus and a MIC of 460 mu g/mL. Compounds 4a and 5a showed the best antibiofilm activity against the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, with an MBIC of 230 mu g/mL.

Abstract

The livestock industry has a harmful effect on the environment and contributes to climate change by producing significant amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3). In line with this, the production and composting of manure is an important issue in livestock farming. During composting, the manure undergoes physical and nutritional profile changes, which can affect the environment. In this context, in the present study, we have investigated the dynamics of the chemical parameters such as pH, humidity (U%), organic matter (MO%), ammonium nitrogen N-NH4+(g/kg), nitrogen in the form of nitrite N-NO2-(g/kg), nitrate nitrogen N-NO3- (g/kg) and phosphorus phosphate P-PO4 3- (g/kg) of organic manure from cattle and swine farms during composting. The results revealed a pH variation between 6.9 and 8.23 during composting, which is normal for compost, as mentioned in the literature. A high water content of over 90% was preserved in organic manure and compost because the samples were very liquid. Nutrient values showed increased ammonium and total inorganic nitrogen in cattle farms and one pig farm during composting. This study highlights a rise in nutrient values, especially of ammonium and total inorganic nitrogen in both cattle and pig farms, an aspect that reinforces the need to evaluate intervention strategies and develop a set of recommendations leading to the reduction of exposure risks and a subsequent reduction in human health impacts.

Abstract

Twelve compounds (1-12), kaempferol (1), luteolin (2), luteolin 4 '-O-beta-xyloside (3), luteolin 4 '-O-beta-glucoside (4), quercetin 4 '-O-beta-xyloside (5), kaempferol-3-O-[6 ''-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl]-beta-D-glucoside (trans-tiliroside) (6), protocatechuic acid (7), gallic acid (8), methyl gallate (9), ethyl gallate (10), shikimic acid-3-O-gallate (11), and 3,3 ',4 '-tri-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-sulfate (12), were isolated and identified from the aerial parts of Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.) Pers (synonym: Helianthemum rubellum C. Presl. All compounds were isolated by applying different chromatographic procedures, such as silica gel, RP-18 and Sephadex LH-20 columns. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, mainly nuclear magnetic resonance NMR 1D and 2D, and mass spectrometry, as well as by comparison with the reported spectroscopic data. The two organic extracts, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (BuOH), were evaluated for their potent phenolic and flavonoid contents using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the two extracts was determined using the DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS methods. Pure trans-tiliroside (6), the main isolated compound, and luteolin 4 '-O-beta-xyloside (3) were evaluated for their antitumor activity against the lung cancer (A549), melanoma (A375) and pancreatic cancer (Mia PaCa-2 and Panc-1) cell lines by MTT assay.

Abstract

Miglustat (MGU) and migalastat (MLA) are commonly used to treat two rare lysosomal disorders, namely Gaucher's and Fabry's diseases, but lately suggested as cures for the COVID-19 disease. The impact of both drugs on meiobenthic nematodes was tested in laboratory conditions for 15 and 30 days. As such, nine treatments were used, targeting nematodes collected from Jeddah coasts (Saudi Arabia), and based on a control treatment and two concentrations (1.45 and 2.9 mg.l-1) of MGU and MLA, applied separately or combined. The findings showed a decline in nematode abundance in all treatments, particularly within the MGU2/MLA2 community. Moreover, the results obtained showed that Daptonema aegypticum was a positive bioindicative species for MGU, and D. oxycerca and Longicyatholaimus longicaudatus were positive bioindicative taxa for MLA. Moreover, when combined, the mixtures induced multifaceted effects in the functional traits composition, revealing complex synergic interactions at the community level.

Abstract

Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. was selected to investigate the phylogeography of tall-herb species, an ecological group in which the Quaternary history has been rarely studied. This species is a characteristic component of mountain forest communities in the Romanian Carpathian Mountains. The analysis employing Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting has revealed a notable absence of a well-defined phylogeographical structure among the populations assessed. This finding implies that the various regions of the current distribution range of Telekia speciosa in the SE Carpathians have not undergone extended periods of isolation. Such a pattern suggests that this mountain tall-herb species might have experienced the possibility of long-term persistence along a wide altitudinal gradient in isolated mountain ranges, also encompassing the lowlands between them in glacial periods. Beside the unique vegetation history experienced during the most recent glaciation in the SE Carpathians, the observed weak phylogeographical structure of Telekia speciosa can be reasonably attributed to its inherent biological traits, particularly its proficiency in long-distance dispersal. Additionally, the species' ecological adaptations, which facilitated its survival in riparian zones of relatively low, forested mountain ranges, might contributed further to maintaining genetic connectivity among populations, thereby mitigating substantial genetic differentiation across its distribution. The study concludes that the genetic variation observed in T. speciosa is relatively evenly distributed across the species' distribution area. © 2024, Babes-Bolyai University, "Alexandru Borza" Botanic Garden. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Wild Iris plants are usually found in spontaneous flora, but due to their ornamental characteristics, they can also be used for ornamental purposes, which means that it is very important to find the perfect conditions for plant growth. This research aimed to evaluate the ornamental value and adaptive behavior of wild Iris aphylla L. in “ex situ” conditions. Plants from wild flora were cultivated experimentally in the Floriculture field at the Faculty of Horticulture, IULS, Iași, Romania. The biometric determinations revealed the significantly higher ornamental value of conserved plants grown in “ex situ” conditions compared to wild plants. In “ex situ” conditions, the plants displayed more vigorous growth (~100%) and had a higher number of flowers per stem (5–9 flowers), whereas, in wild conditions, this species has from two to a maximum of five flowers. Given the absence of anatomical studies in the literature, detailed anatomical investigations of the leaf structure were performed, complemented by analyses of the photosynthetic pigment content to assess the plant’s physiological performance. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic analyses conducted using two plastid markers (rbcL and trnL-F) confirmed the taxonomic classification of the native I. aphylla L. species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular phylogeny of the wild Iridaceae species in Romania. These findings provide insights into the taxonomy, morphology, cultivation potential, and ornamental value of the species, supporting future conservation and horticulture development programs. © 2024 by the authors.

Abstract

Miglustat (MGU) and migalastat (MLA) are commonly used to treat two rare lysosomal disorders, namely Gaucher's and Fabry's diseases, but lately suggested as cures for the COVID-19 disease. The impact of both drugs on meiobenthic nematodes was tested in laboratory conditions for 15 and 30 days. As such, nine treatments were used, targeting nematodes collected from Jeddah coasts (Saudi Arabia), and based on a control treatment and two concentrations (1.45 and 2.9 mg.l−1) of MGU and MLA, applied separately or combined. The findings showed a decline in nematode abundance in all treatments, particularly within the MGU2/MLA2 community. Moreover, the results obtained showed that Daptonema aegypticum was a positive bioindicative species for MGU, and D. oxycerca and Longicyatholaimus longicaudatus were positive bioindicative taxa for MLA. Moreover, when combined, the mixtures induced multifaceted effects in the functional traits composition, revealing complex synergic interactions at the community level. © 2024

Abstract

The livestock industry has a harmful effect on the environment and contributes to climate change by producing significant amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2 O), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3). In line with this, the production and composting of manure is an important issue in livestock farming. During composting, the manure undergoes physical and nutritional profile changes, which can affect the environment. In this context, in the present study, we have investigated the dynamics of the chemical parameters such as pH, humidity +-(U%), organic matter (MO%), ammonium nitrogen N-NH4 (g/kg), nitrogen in the form of nitrite N-NO2 (g/kg), nitrate-nitrogen N–NO3 (g/kg) and phosphorus phosphate P-PO3-4 (g/kg) of organic manure from cattle and swine farms during composting. The results revealed a pH variation between 6.9 and 8.23 during composting, which is normal for compost, as mentioned in the literature. A high water content of over 90% was preserved in organic manure and compost because the samples were very liquid. Nutrient values showed increased ammonium and total inorganic nitrogen in cattle farms and one pig farm during composting. This study highlights a rise in nutrient values, especially of ammonium and total inorganic nitrogen in both cattle and pig farms, an aspect that reinforces the need to evaluate intervention strategies and develop a set of recommendations leading to the reduction of exposure risks and a subsequent reduction in human health impacts. © 2024, University of Zagreb - Faculty of Agriculture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

We propose a simulation of an arbitrary network of evolutionary processors by a network having a special underlying graph, namely a wheel (ring-star) graph. This work continues a series of papers devoted to simulations between networks of evolutionary processors with various topologies. Somehow unexpected, the simulation is time complexity preserving at the price of a much larger network.

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Our study was aimed to characterise the hemp seeds and cake from the point of view of proximate chemical composition and bioactive compounds, as alternative feedstuffs for ruminants' nutrition. Hemp seeds and cake presented high concentrations of several trace minerals (e.g., iron, manganese, zinc), especially hemp cake had the higher content of these compounds (0.001

Abstract

Lately, there has been increased interest in the development of phytochemical alternatives for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, the alternatives that are able to reduce or prevent glucose absorption by inhibiting digestive enzymes. In this context, this study aims to analyze the inhibitory alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities of Artemisia abrotanum and Symphytum officinale polyphenolic compound-rich extracts obtained by membrane technologies (micro- and ultrafiltration). Polyphenols and flavones content, HPLC-MS polyphenolic compounds profiling, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic potential of these herbs were determined. Major phenolic acid compounds were chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid. The flavone content was higher in the case of A. abrotanum extracts, and the major compounds were rutin and umbelliferone. The polyphenolic-rich extract of A. abrotanum had the highest quantities of polyphenols, 977.75 mu g/mL, and flavones, 552.85 mu g/mL, as well as a pronounced alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 1881.21 +/- 1.8 mg/mL), a value close to acarbose inhibitory activity (IC50 1110.25 +/- 8.82 mg/mL) that was used as the control for both enzymes. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was higher for both herb extracts, more pronounced for S. officinale polyphenolic-rich extract (IC50 291.56 +/- 2.1 mg/mL), a value higher than that of acarbose (IC50 372.35 +/- 3.2 mg/mL). These plants show potential as a complementary therapy for type 2 diabetes management.

Abstract

Ultrasound generates cavities in liquids with high-energy behaviour due to large pressure variations, leading to (bio)chemical effects and material modification. Numerous cavity-based treatments in food processes have been reported, but the transition from research to industrial applications is hampered by specific engineering factors, such as the combination of several ultrasound sources, more powerful wave generators or tank geometry. The challenges and development of cavity-based treatments developed for the food industry are reviewed with examples limited to two representative raw materials (fruit and milk) with significantly different properties. Both active compound extraction and food processing techniques based on ultrasound are taken into consideration.

Abstract

In recent years, the wine industry has shown a considerable degree of interest in the occurrence of melatonin in wines. Sample pretreatment may be the most important step in trace analysis. Since wine is a complex matrix and melatonin is present in low amounts (ppb), an adequate extraction technique is required. In this study, the effect of several extraction methods, such as solid phase extraction (SPE), Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe extraction (QuEChERS), and dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) was studied and the variable parameters that can arise throughout the extraction process were optimized to obtain the best results. A high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL) method was adapted and validated, including measurement uncertainty, for the analysis of melatonin in wines and to assess the efficiency of the extraction yield. After comparing the acquired results, the DLLME method was optimized. Extraction recoveries values ranging from 95 to 104% demonstrated that the approach may be successfully applied for the extraction and concentration (enrichment factor of almost eight) of melatonin in wine samples prior to HPLC-FL analysis. The first report of melatonin levels in Feteasca Neagra wines has been made. The data obtained for Cabernet Sauvignon revealed that the final levels of melatonin in the wines are dependent on the winemaking process.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preferences of Romanian consumers when purchasing agri-food products, with a focus on products from family farms, and to identify pathways for promoting family farms' outputs for enhancing the development of rural areas and the local economy. For this, a survey was carried out using a questionnaire as the main tool. Firstly, the data collected were analysed from a descriptive point of view. Then, multiple linear regression and the chi-square test were used to determine the relationships between variables, and ANOVA was used to identify significant differences between groups. The results revealed that consumers with a higher level of education are more confident in certified products and are better informed, with a greater ability to distinguish certified from non-certified products through logos. Finally, the results indicate an opportunity for family farms to sell their products for a higher price within a secure market, mainly in urban areas. However, for this to happen, it is necessary to implement a quality scheme, highlighting the origin and originality of the product (product obtained from a family farm, including logo) coupled with awareness campaigns on the advantages that this product has, both for the consumer and the farmer or the region it comes from. These aspects could improve the development of rural areas from all points of view.

Abstract

Until recently, the main antioxidant role among wine constituents was attributed to polyphenolic compounds, but once the presence of melatonin in wines was confirmed, an interesting new field of research opened up due to its possible synergistic effects with other antioxidants in the winemaking process, which may lead to a change in the profile of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. In order to investigate the evolution of active principles from the phenylpropanoid metabolism associated with the synergistic effects of melatonin, for the first time, a melatonin treatment was performed in the pre-stage of the different winemaking processes of Feteasca Neagra and Cabernet Sauvignon wines with different melatonin concentrations. After comparing the acquired results for the evolution of the polyphenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of treated wines, we ascertained an increase in the antioxidant compound concentrations, especially in resveratrol, quercetin, and cyanidin-3-glucoside, directly proportional to the used melatonin concentration; an intensification in activity of PAL and C4H enzymes; and the modification in the expression of specific anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, especially UDP-D-glucose-flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase. It was also shown that the application of melatonin in the pre-stage of the winemaking process can be successfully used to obtain red wines with increased antioxidant activity (almost 14%).

Abstract

This paper is an overview of comparison of bioeconomy indicators, in Romania and European Union, related to Green Deal Pact of the EU..The so called European Green Deal, is a set of proposals adopted by European Commission in order to reduce the climate change by 2050.Official statistical data related to green transition were retrieved from Eurostat database. Specific indicators taken into consideration were circular material use rate, raw material consumption, valued added at factor cost and environmental protection expenditure. Comparison of the dynamics of these indicators for Romania vs other European Union member states, for latest available data, was plotted. When analyzing the data it can be observed that steps are being taken in each state towards fulfilling the objectives of green transition. However, Romania's bioeconomy is still underdeveloped as compared to most of the EU's member states.In order to support the Green Deal targets we need a national strategy and action plan towards green and just transition of our economy.

Abstract

In the perspective of observing the latest worldwide and European strategies toward green transition and delivering a secured access to local resources, the objective of this study was to analyze the research progress on critical materials and, more specific, critical metals and review the future research hot-topics for critical metals. Consequently, a bibliometric analysis for the assessment of the current state of the art research, future trends as well as evolution through time of the critical metals research was performed in the present work. The study included four phases of work: (i) search string selection, (ii) data collection, (iii) data processing, and (iv) data interpretation. A total of 433 publications on critical metals were collected from Scopus database between 1977 and 2023, with an increasing yearly trend and a burst in 2013. The data retrieved showed a significant increase in publications related to the topic in the last 10 years. The results show that research interest is concentrated around six critical areas: (i) bioleaching as an important process of critical metal recovery, (ii) circular economy concepts and recovery of critical metals by urban mining from e-waste, (iii) resource recovery from waste landfills as urban mines, (iv) targeted studies on various critical elements (copper, zinc, gallium, silver, lithium), (v) rare elements as industry vitamins and, (vi) coal deposits and coal ashes as an alternative source of critical metals. This analysis could provide important guidance for further directions on the development of research for recovery of critical metals.

Abstract

Mg is a material of choice for biodegradable implants. The main challenge for using Mg in temporary implants is to provide protective surfaces that mitigate its rapid degradation in biological fluids and also confer sufficient cytocompatibility and bacterial resistance to Mg-coated surfaces. Even though carbonate mineralization is the most important source of biominerals, such as the skeletons and shells of many marine organisms, there has been little success in the controlled growth of carbonate layers by synthetic processes. We present here the formation mechanism, antibacterial activity, and cell viability of magnesian calcite biomimetic coatings grown on biodegradable Mg via a green, one-step route. Cell compatibility assessment showed cell viability higher than 80% after 72 h using fibroblast cells (NCTC, clone L929) and higher than 60% after 72 h using human osteoblast-like cells (SaOS-2); the cells displayed a normal appearance and a density similar to the control sample. Antimicrobial potential evaluation against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)) strains demonstrated that the coated samples significantly inhibited bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation compared to the untreated control. Calcite coatings grown on biodegradable Mg by a single coating process showed the necessary properties of cell compatibility and bacterial resistance for application in surface-modified Mg biomaterials for temporary implants.

Abstract

Agriculture plays a crucial role in Romania's economy, a fact that accelerates the search for ways to maximize production yield and profit. The aim of the paper is to study the characteristics of the transformation of agriculture in the context of digitization. Research methods include scientific and theoretical approaches to assess the state of agriculture and its potential in the context of digitization, such as system and situation analysis. The current stage of agricultural development is characterized by a significant transformation of management and production processes due to the introduction of digital technologies. The experience has convincingly shown that the traditional forms of development of agricultural production have practically exhausted themselves. In the new conditions of financial and economic activity, the scientific and technological progress becomes decisive. In agriculture, the digital transformation has a significant impact on material and human resources, increases the productivity of crops, improves the quality of agricultural and livestock products. The digitization of agriculture is extremely important, because it is a source of agricultural economic growth and can become a strong incentive for the innovative development of the sector. Investments in the development of digital infrastructure in rural areas can improve the living conditions of the rural population, with local authorities solving more efficiently the problems within their competence. Also, the digitalization of agriculture will promote the development of small farms in rural areas and contribute to the diversification of the rural economy.

Abstract

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.

Abstract

Herbal medicines and preparations are widely used in healthcare systems globally, but concerns remain about their quality and safety. New herbal products are constantly being introduced to the market under varying regulatory frameworks, with no global consensus on their definition or characterization. These biologically active mixtures are sold through complex globalized value chains, which create concerns around contamination and profit-driven adulteration. Industry, academia, and regulatory bodies must collaborate to develop innovative strategies for the identification and authentication of botanicals and their preparations to ensure quality control. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has significantly improved our understanding of the total species diversity within DNA mixtures. The standard concept of DNA barcoding has evolved over the last two decades to encompass genomic data more broadly. Recent research in DNA metabarcoding has focused on developing methods for quantifying herbal product ingredients, yielding meaningful results in a regulatory framework. Techniques, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), DNA barcode-based Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (BAR-RPA), DNA barcoding coupled with High-Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM), and microfluidics-based methods, offer more affordable tests for the detection of target species. While target capture sequencing and genome skimming are considerably increasing the species identification resolution in challenging plant clades, ddPCR enables the quantification of DNA in samples and could be used to detect intended and unwanted ingredients in herbal medicines. Here, we explore the latest advances in emerging DNA-based technologies and the opportunities they provide as taxa detection tools for evaluating the safety and quality of dietary supplements and herbal medicines.

Abstract

Background: The force a muscle exerts is partly determined by anatomical parameters, such as its physiological cross-section. The temporal muscle is structurally heterogeneous. To the authors' knowledge, the ultrastructure of this muscle has been poorly specifically studied.Methods: Five adult Wistar rats weighting 350-400 g were used as temporal muscle donors. Tissues were specifically processed and studied under transmission electron microscope.Results: On ultrathin cuts, the general ultrastructural pattern of striated muscles was observed. Moreover, pennate sarcomeres were identified, sharing a one-end insertion on the same Z-disc. Bipennate morphologies resulted when two neighbor sarcomeres, attached on different neighbor Z-discs and separated at that end by a triad, converged to the same Z-disc at the opposite ends, thus building a thicker myofibril distinctively flanked by triads. Tripennate morphologies were identified when sarcomeres from three different Z-discs converged to the same Z-disc at the opposite ends.Conclusions: These results support recent evidence of sarcomeres branching gathered in mice. Adequate identification of the sites of excitation-contraction coupling should be on both sides of a myofibril, on bidimensional ultrathin cuts, to avoid false positive results due to putative longitudinal folds of myofibrils.& COPY; 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Abstract

The bioactivity of the versatile biodegradable biopolymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) can be obtained by combining it with natural or synthetic compounds. This paper deals with the preparation of bioactive formulations involving the melt processing of PLA loaded with a medicinal plant (sage) and an edible oil (coconut oil), together with an organomodifed montmorillonite nanoclay, and an assessment of the resulting structural, surface, morphological, mechanical, and biological properties of the biocomposites. By modulating the components, the prepared biocomposites show flexibility, both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as a high degree of cytocompatibility, being capable to induce the cell adherence and proliferation on their surface. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the developed PLA-based biocomposites could potentially be used as bioactive materials in medical applications.

Abstract

Sycamore is a valuable tree not only economically but also ecological and culturally. Even though it has a vigorous regeneration system from its stump, its coppice management has triggered limited formal investigations. Therefore, the present study focused on finding the most suitable coppice strategy for achieving ground coverage and biomass, as well as developing growth and yield models for sycamore maples. Using a series of eight measurements spanning twenty-one years, starting from age six, we found that single-shoot coppices provided superior yields for height than seed-managed trees up to age twelve and up to age twenty for DBH. The coppice trees outperformed the seed trees up to age 10. The yield of DBH and the height for single-shoots and seed-managed trees were described by parsimonious formulations, namely the Schumacher model for DBH and the square root for height. The relationship of DBH-height exhibited a clear linear form, pointing toward the main limitation of the study, namely the confinement to ages less than 20 years. Nevertheless, all the models exhibited a bias R-2 around 80%, except for the height and DBH change throughout time, which was around 67%.

Abstract

Interest in the extraction of phytochemical bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols from biomass, has recently increased due to their valuable biological potential as natural sources of antioxidants, which could be used in a wide range of applications, from foods and pharmaceuticals to green polymers and bio-based materials. The present research study aimed to provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of the phytochemical composition of forest biomass (bark and needles) of softwood species (Picea abies L., H. Karst., and Abies alba Mill.) and to investigate their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities to assess their potential in treating and healing infected chronic wounds. The DPPH radical-scavenging method and P-LD were used for a mechanistic explanation of the biomolecular effects of the investigated bioactive compounds. (+)-Catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myricetin, 4 hydroxybenzoic and p-cumaric acids, kaempherol, and apigenin were the main quantified polyphenols in coniferous biomass (in quantities around 100 mu g/g). Also, numerous phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, terpenes, lignans, secoiridoids, and indanes with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihemolytic, and anti-carcinogenic potential were identified. The Abies alba needle extract was more toxic to microbial strains than the eukaryotic cells that provide its active wound healing principles. In this context, developing industrial upscaling strategies is imperative for the long-term success of biorefineries and incorporating them as part of a circular bio-economy.

Abstract

A new method for the determination of the antiplatelet drug dipyridamole (DIP) in pharmaceuticals using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is proposed. The modified electrode was prepared simply and rapidly by electropolymerization of caffeic acid (CA) in the presence of DIP and subsequent DIP extraction with ethanol, resulting in a cost-effective, eco-friendly disposable modified electrode (MIP_PGE). Several working conditions (monomer and template concentration, number of voltametric cycles, scan rate extraction time, and solvent) for the MIP_PGE preparation were optimized. The differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) oxidation signal of DIP obtained at MIP_PGE was 28% higher than that recorded at bare PGE. Cyclic voltammetry emphasized DIP irreversible, pH-dependent, diffusion-controlled oxidation at MIP_PGE. Differential pulse and adsorptive stripping voltammetry at MIP_PGE in phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.00 were applied for the drug quantitative determination in the range of 1.00 x 10(-7)-1.00 x 10(-5) and 1.00 x 10(-8)-5.00 x 10(-7) mol/L DIP, respectively. The obtained limits of detection were at the tens nanomolar level.

Abstract

The main strategy of this study was to combine the traditional perspective of using medicinal extracts with polymeric scaffolds manufactured by an engineering approach to fabricate a potential dressing product with antimicrobial properties. Thus, chitosan-based membranes containing S. officinalis and H. perforatum extracts were developed and their suitability as novel dressing materials was investigated. The morphology of the chitosan-based films was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical structure characterization was performed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The addition of the plant extracts increased the sorption capacity of the studied fluids, mainly at the membrane with S. officinalis extract. The membranes with 4% chitosan embedded with both plant extracts maintained their integrity after being immersed for 14 days in incubation media, especially in PBS. The antibacterial activities were determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for Gram-positive (S. aureus ATCC 25923, MRSA ATCC 43300) and Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) microorganisms. The antibacterial property was enhanced by incorporating the plant extracts into chitosan films. The outcome of the study reveals that the obtained chitosan-based membranes are promising candidates to be used as a wound dressing due to their good physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties.

Abstract

In this paper, the extract from the leaves of Hedera helix L.was subjected to isolation and fractionation of saponins, in order to determine their in vitro antiproliferative activity. The ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration from H.helix L.leaves, grown in Romania, and the saponins were isolated and fractionated using column chromatography. The total saponin content in the extract and the isolated saponins was determined. Three saponins of interest, hederacoside C, a-hederin and hederagenin were identified by LC/MS analysis. Four selected fractions rich in these saponins tested in vitro, showed antiproliferative effects at a concentration of 200 mg/mL in a culture of human cervix carcinoma Hep-2 cells. The tested fractions were non-cytotoxic in the range of concentration 2-400 mg/mL on normal fibroblasts cells from NCTC cell line. Our results demonstrated the selected saponin fractions isolated from H.helix L.leaves may be considered as possible antitumor agents.

Abstract

In Romania, demand for organic food has surged since the pandemic began in the spring of 2020. Healthy growth is expected to continue in the coming years as consumers associate organic foods with good health, nutrition, and wellness. The complex challenge of protecting ecosystems while sustainably feeding the global population has attracted increasing attention in recent years and the need for improving food production and consumption led to the development of this field. The present study represents a comparative economic analysis of the sweet potato crop in a conventional and organic system. Data on production costs (materials, labour, mechanical works) as well as data on the commercialization of production, including preparatory activities for marketing (packaging, marketing conditioning) were taken into account. Following the analysis, cost efficiency proposals are highlighted in order to improve the producer's economic performance.

Abstract

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plants and is required by them in relatively large quantities. This paper presents an overview of scientific literature related to nitrogen management, with a specific highlight on permanent grasslands and has involved a bibliometric analysis of scientific literature regarding nitrogen management. The analysis was performed using the SCOPUS, which is an extensive database of literature all over the world, with wide coverage in keyword of analysis. For visualization and analysis, VOSviewer 1.6.18 was employed, which is an open access computer program, developed for creating bibliometric maps. The search results were downloaded as full record and citation data, with information related to document type, year of publication, title, author, keywords, abstract, references, funding agency, citations. A number of 3,948 articles were retrieved for analysis. The articles were sorted by relevance. The information was downloaded as .csv file and imported into VOSviewer 1.6.18 application software. Using the search query nitrogen management, meadows and pastures indicated that 90% of the papers retrieved were research articles indexed in agricultural and biological sciences, followed by those in the environmental sciences, with themes of the ecosystem process, environmental management, land use, nitrogen fixation, organic nitrogen, soil structure, soil processing techniques.

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic potential, antioxidant activity and prebiotic activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of blueberry pomace (BP), an aqueous extract of chia seeds (CS) and a novel combination of BP-CS extracts (BCM) for further use as ingredient of functional food. Spectrometric and HPLC analyses were used to characterize the total phenolic and flavonoid content and composition of BP, while CS was analyzed for total carbohydrate content. Data showed that the BCM mixture exerted an inhibition of alpha-amylase activity, which was 1.36 times higher than that of BP and 1.25 higher than CS extract. The mixture also showed better scavenging activity of free DPPH radicals than individual extracts, and had an IC50 value of 603.12 mu g/mL. In vitro testing indicated that both serum- and colon-reaching products of simulated intestinal digestion of BCM presented the capacity to protect Caco-2 intestinal cells against oxidative stress by inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. In addition, the colon-reaching product of BCM digestion had the capacity to significantly (p < 0.05) stimulate the growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus, revealing a prebiotic potential. All these results indicated that improved biological activity of the novel combination of BP and CS extracts could be due to the synergistic action of constituents. The combination is recommended for further testing and the development of novel functional food for controlling type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal conditions.

Abstract

Polyphenolic extracts from natural sources have received great interest due to their beneficial properties for human health. A method to reduce their variability is to use the design of experiments which allows a limited number of experiments to be performed while exploring the experimental space. Firstly, a 2(3)-full factorial model was used to investigate the polyphenols extraction from wild bilberry leaves. Spectrophotometric data (the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll and radical scavenger activity) and extraction yield were used as responses, and six statistical models were determined depending on the two numerical factors (temperature and alcohol % of ethanol-water mixture) being significant (p < 0.05) in all cases. Numerical optimisation performed by Design Expert 13 software correlates well with the chemical profile determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and the amount of the polyphenol. Afterwards, under the optimised conditions, an extract was prepared in three extraction steps for which composition, chemical stability and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The antimicrobial potential of the extract was compared with that of the standard compounds (rutin and chlorogenic acid), and the results supported a synergistic effect of the extract components.

Abstract

In the current context of concern for the improvement and protection of environmental conditions, emphasis is placed on the provision of non-toxic, eco-friendly, renewable biomaterials to replace established chemical substances. Lythri herba is the aerial part of the plant species Lythrum salicaria L., known in the scientific literature especially for its content of tannins and total polyphenols, which highlight its antioxidant, hemostatic, antibacterial and antidiarrheal properties. Chitosan is a biopolymer widely used in industry and medicine due to its abundance in nature, its biodegradability, lack of toxicity and the ease with which it can be transformed into several basic forms (hydrogel, membrane, sponge). The aqueous solutions and membranes obtained in this study by merging these two natural resources were biologically tested in terms of genotoxicity (SOS-Chromo assay), hemolytic activity, thrombin generation activity and bacterial adhesion to reveal outwardly the lack of these properties and their use for medical purposes. The results of the current study attest to the absence of mutagenic and slight hemolyzing properties, thus supporting the possibility of using this extract and membrane in medical and pharmaceutical therapeutic practice. The surface parameters of membranes were examined and important influences at thrombin activity were found. Also, bacterial adhesion results showed a correlation between Lythri herba and chitosan concentrations and membranes' appearances (swelling, stability). The results show that the membranes could be a promising material for biomedical applications.

Abstract

Berries of three Romanian Lonicera caerulea cultivars 'Cera', 'Kami', and 'Loni', grown at the Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti, Romania, were analyzed between 2020 and 2022 in terms of chemical composition. The study aimed to determine the concentrations of some compounds with antioxidant activity, highlight the most valuable cultivar, encourage the consumption of honeysuckle berries, and indirectly stimulate growers' interest in this little-known species in Romania. Some phenolic compounds-lycopene, beta-carotene, and vitamin C-were quantified. As a result of the study, the 'Loni' cultivar's high total phenolic content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, lycopene, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, catechin, and rutin are to be noted. 'Cera' cultivar had the highest cryptochlorogenic acid content, and 'Kami' summarized the highest carotenoid level. These characteristics indicated that the three honeysuckle cultivars' berries could have multiple uses, from fresh consumption, as part of a diet focused on maintaining human health, to being used as raw materials in the para-pharmaceutical industry, to obtain food supplements. The novelty characteristics and the nutritional value of its berries highlighted by this study have indicated that honeysuckle can become a crop of interest and profitability.

Abstract

The current experiment measured the multifaceted effects of polystyrene and fluoranthene, acting alone or in a mixture on marine meiofauna, but with a special focus on nematodes' morphological and functional traits. The results showed changes in the abundances for all tested concentrations of both compounds. The nematode communities exposed to the highest concentrations of fluoranthene (30 ng.g � 1 Dry Weight (DW)) and polystyrene (100 mg.kg-1 DW) alone or in a mixture, were significantly less diverse compared to control and were associated with significant changes in the percentage of taxonomic composition and feeding-guilds. The most sensitive taxa to fluoranthene comprised epistratum feeders, whereas the nematodes mostly affected by polystyrene were omnivores-carnivores. A new functional tool, the Index of Sensitivity (IOS), proved to be reliable in depicting the changes that occurred in the taxonomic and functional features of the nematofauna.

Abstract

The administration of chokeberry extract in vitro in the GIS1 system was evaluated for the modulation capacity of the dysbiotic pattern resulting from the consumption of stevia. The microbial pattern determined by molecular method, the metabolomic one (fatty acids), the evolution of the antioxidant status, and the cytotoxic effect were determined comparatively for six months. This study presented for the first time that Aronia extract has a strong antimicrobial effect but also a presence of new organic acids that can be used as a biomarker. The functional supplement had the impact of a gradual increase in antioxidant status (DPPH scavenging activity) for up to three months and a subsequent decrease correlated with the reduction of the microbial load (especially for Enterobacteriaceae). The effect on metabolomic activity was specific, with butyric acid being generally unaffected (0.6-0.8 mg/mL) by the antimicrobial effect manifested after three months of administration. The pH was strongly acidic, corresponding to the constant presence of maximum values for acetic and lactic acid. The non-selective elimination of a part of the microbiota could also be correlated with a decrease in metabolomic efficiency. The results in the GIS1 system indicated for the first time that the controlled use of this extract had a pronounced antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect. This has helped to correct the dysbiotic pattern that results after the long-term use of sweeteners based on an increase of 0.2 log UFC/mL for favorable strains.

Abstract

The present research aims to describe a new methodology to obtain biocompatible hydrogels based on Aloe vera used for wound healing applications. The properties of two hydrogels (differing in Aloe vera concentration, AV5 and AV10) prepared by an all-green synthesis method from raw, natural, renewable and bioavailable materials such as salicylic acid, allantoin and xanthan gum were investigated. The morphology of the Aloe vera based hydrogel biomaterials was studied by SEM analysis. The rheological properties of the hydrogels, as well as their cell viability, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, were determined. The antibacterial activity of Aloe vera based hydrogels was evaluated both on Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus and on Gram-negative, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The obtained novel green Aloe vera based hydrogels showed good antibacterial properties. In vitro scratch assay demonstrated the capacity of both AV5 and AV10 hydrogels to accelerate cell proliferation and migration and induce closure of a wounded area. A corroboration of all morphological, rheological, cytocompatibility and cell viability results indicates that this Aloe vera based hydrogel may be suitable for wound healing applications.

Abstract

The present study examined the histopathological changes and some parameters of oxidative stress in the testes of the freshwater leech Limnatis nilotica, following their exposure to 50 mu g l(-1) of cadmium (Cd). The protective effects of salicylic acid (SA) in mitigating Cd-induced oxidative and histopathological injury were also investigated. We found that Cd exposure caused several histopathological changes in leech testes, such as vacuolisation of spermatogenic cysts which were strongly destroyed and disorganised. Biochemical study showed oxidative stress damage marked by a substantial increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxidase levels as well as disturbance in the activity of the leech antioxidant system. Interestingly, the testes from the Cd and SA leech-exposed group exhibited increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant mechanism defenses, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, oxidized glutathione, thiols, and ascorbic acid, in comparison with the testes of leeches exposed to Cd alone. Thus, SA supplementation considerably attenuated the histopathological lesions induced by Cd exposure, thereby restoring the normal appearance of the testes. In summary, the findings of this study indicate that SA treatment ameliorated the testicular histopathological and oxidative stress-induced damages caused by exposure to Cd through enhancing the antioxidant defense system.

Abstract

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) is a byproduct of the beer industry, rich in proteins and bioactive compounds. The effects of BSY were investigated through a 6-week feeding trial on 30 lactating dairy Blackhead sheep (54.7 +/- 5.66 kg, 177.34 days in milk) distributed under a completely randomised design in two groups: a control group (with soybean meal and sunflower meal as protein sources), and a BSY group, where soybean meal was totally replaced by BSY (5.4% inclusion, DM basis). The inclusion of BSY led to a 25% decrease in ruminal propionate and in the acetate/propionate ratio. BSY influenced the milk fatty acid profile by significantly decreasing the omega 6: omega 3 ratio and increasing the contents of caproic, capric, and lauric acids. Also, the inclusion of BSY was associated with an increase in the milk's total polyphenols. Consistently, determinations of the parameters of the milk fat's oxidative stability revealed a decrease in conjugated diene contents. Moreover, the mineral contents of milk were influenced, with an increase in Ca content noted. Overall, these results indicate that BSY represents an alternative feedstuff for ruminants' nutrition, which could have the potential to induce changes in ruminal fermentation and milk composition that are beneficial for consumers.

Abstract

Featured Application: Nutritional Profiling for subsequent dietary supplements/nutraceuticals development and formulation as well as by-products valorification. In recent years, the scientific community has made significant progress in understanding nutrition, leading consumers to shift their preferences away from animal-based protein products and towards natural, plant-based protein sources. This study aimed to determine the nutritional value, in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity for different sources of high protein content products (pea, yeast, almond, spirulina and Pleurotus spp.) with potential usage as raw materials for dietary supplements, especially since these products do not benefit from stricter regulation requirements regarding their actual health benefits. The characterization of raw materials consisted in evaluation of their nutritional profile (by addressing moisture content, crude protein content, extractable fat, ash, carbohydrates) and microbial contamination (TAMC, TYMC, Enterobacteriaceae and beta-glucuronidase positive Escherichia coli), total content of free amino acids, soluble proteins, phenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity through chemical assays. We used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release to evaluate the potential cytotoxicity of selected raw materials. Results obtained indicate high percentages of proteins for the pea powder (77.96%) and Spirulina powder (64.79%), Pleurotus spp. flour had strong antioxidant activity, while the highest contamination values were registered for Pleurotus spp. powder (4.6 +/- 10(5) CFU/g or 5.66 log CFU/g). Cytotoxicity results demonstrate that tested ingredients have an impact on the metabolic activity of cells, affecting cellular integrity and provoking leakage of DNA at several concentrations. While plant-based protein supplementation may appear to be a promising solution to balance our busy lives, there are several advantages and disadvantages associated with them, including issues related to their absorption rate, bioavailability, cytotoxicity and actual nutritional benefits.

Abstract

Networks of splicing processors are one of the theoretical computational models that take inspiration from nature to efficiently solve problems that our current computational knowledge is not able to. One of the issues restricting/hindering is practical implementation is the arbitrariness of the underlying graph, since our computational systems usually conform to a predefined topology. We propose simulations of networks of splicing processors having arbitrary underlying graphs by networks whose underlying graphs are of a predefined topology: complete, star, and grid graphs. We show that all of these simulations are time efficient in the meaning that they preserve the time complexity of the original network: each computational step in that network is simulated by a fixed number of computational steps in the new topologic networks. Moreover, these simulations do not modify the order of magnitude of the network size.

Abstract

Lonicera caerulea L., (blue honeysuckle, blue honeyberry or haskap) is an Eastern Siberian shrub with fruits known to have potential medicinal applications. The aim of this paper was to investigate the physico-chemical properties, composition and the correlation to the total antioxidant capacity of some fluid extracts of haskap berries for their use as nutraceuticals. The dried fruits were collected from Moldavia region in North-Eastern Romania and the extracts were prepared at a concentration of 10% (w/v) in ethanol concentrations of 50:50 (v:v), 70:30 (v:v) and 96:4 (v:v), respectively. The total content of main bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, lycopene, lutein, vitamin C and carbohydrates was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assays. Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed by photochemiluminescence method, in comparison to Trolox (R), an analogue of vitamin E, used as antioxidant standard. The obtained results emphasized that the hydroalcoholic extract in 70:30 (v:v) ethanol had significantly (p<0.01) higher content of vitamin C, carbohydrates and carotenoids than the other two extracts, and similar quantities of total phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene and lutein, In accordance, the same extract had the highest total antioxidant activity and close to the values of resveratrol, a known antioxidant polyphenolic compound. In conclusion, hydroalcoholic extracts of Lonicera caerulea L. berries could be used as valuable products for the formulation of novel nutraceuticals with significant antioxidant activity.

Abstract

The regular administration of antibiotics is a public concern due to the prejudices of large population groups and the high frequency with which antimicrobial products are prescribed. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a new extract from Boletus edulis (BEE) on the human microbiota. One of the disadvantages of this extensive use is the disruption of the human microbiota, leading to potential negative health consequences. The in vitro evaluation of BEE consisted in determining its cytotoxicity, influence on the concentration of four types of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 & beta;, TNF & alpha;), and capacity to modulate the human microbiota after administering antibiotics. The latter was assessed by microbiome analysis and the evaluation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFAs). Simultaneously, the content of total polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the compositional analysis of the extract (individual polyphenols composition) were determined. The results showed that BEE modulates the microbial pattern and reduces inflammatory progression. The data demonstrated antioxidant properties correlated with the increase in synthesizing some biomarkers, such as SCFAs, which mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without using probiotic products.

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and members of the Enterobacterales order are a challenging multi-sectorial and global threat, being listed by the WHO in the priority list of pathogens requiring the urgent discovery and development of therapeutic strategies. We present here an overview of the antibiotic resistance profiles and epidemiology of Gram-negative pathogens listed in the ESCAPE group circulating in Romania. The review starts with a discussion of the mechanisms and clinical significance of Gram-negative bacteria, the most frequent genetic determinants of resistance, and then summarizes and discusses the epidemiological studies reported for A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacterales-resistant strains circulating in Romania, both in hospital and veterinary settings and mirrored in the aquatic environment. The Romanian landscape of Gram-negative pathogens included in the ESCAPE list reveals that all significant, clinically relevant, globally spread antibiotic resistance genes and carrying platforms are well established in different geographical areas of Romania and have already been disseminated beyond clinical settings.

Abstract

BackgroundMilk thistle is one of the most popular hepatoprotectants, and is often sold in combination with other ingredients. Botanical supplements are known to be vulnerable to contamination and adulteration, and emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control.MethodsUntargeted and semi-targeted metabolomics based on UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS techniques, UV spectrometry, and DNA metabarcoding using Illumina MiSeq were used to authenticate eighteen milk thistle botanical formulations (teas, capsules, tablets, emulsion).ResultsUntargeted metabolomics separated 217 molecules and by multivariate analysis the discrimination between the different preparations was established. The semi-targeted metabolomics focused on 63 phytochemicals, mainly silymarin flavonolignans and flavonoids, that may be considered as putative biomarkers of authenticity. All formulations contained molecules from silymarin complexes at different levels. The quantitative evaluation of silybins was done using in parallel UV spectrometry and UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS and their correlations were compared. DNA metabarcoding detected milk thistle in eleven out of sixteen retained preparations, whereas two others had incomplete evidence of milk thistle despite metabolomics validating specific metabolites, e.g., silymarin complex, identified and quantified in all samples. Meanwhile, the DNA metabarcoding provided insights into the total species composition allowing the interpretation of the results in a broad context.ConclusionOur study emphasizes that combining spectroscopic, chromatographic, and genetic techniques bring complementary information to guarantee the quality of the botanical formulations.

Abstract

Simple Summary Despite its small size, the vermiform appendix is an organ with several physiological roles and various pathologies, the most common of which is acute appendicitis. The other pathologies of the vermiform appendix, especially its neoplasia are rare and often go unnoticed and are accidentally identified during appendectomies performed for other reasons. In the early stages, most appendiceal neoplasms are not detected; however, in the advanced stages, they may mimic the symptoms of acute appendicitis. In addition, due to massive mucus production, mucinous neoplasms, especially adenocarcinomas, may fistulize into adjacent structures, some identified after perforated organ pathology. The general treatment for appendiceal pathologies, including neoplasms, is complete surgical excision of the appendix, with or without the right hemicolectomy. Life expectancy is somewhat longer for low-grade mucinous tumors and peaks for well-differentiated, small, metastasis-free neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix occurring in children. The vermiform appendix is a muscular cylindrical structure originating near the junction of the cecum and ileum, averaging 9 cm (5-35 cm) in size. As the most mobile viscera, it can adopt several positions, the most common being the retrocecal position. Perceived as an atavistic organ lacking physiological relevance, the vermiform appendix appears to be involved in immune function, serving in the maturation of B lymphocytes and the production of immunoglobulin A, in endocrine function, excreting amines and hormones in the 2-3 mL of mucus secreted daily, and in digestive function, by storing beneficial bacteria from where they can recolonize the colon. With a lumen of about 6 mm, the vermiform appendix has a reduced storage capacity, so any blockage of the appendix with fecoliths (fecaliths), seeds derailed from the colon, or enlarged lymph nodes prevents drainage and intraluminal accumulation of secreted mucus. Unable to relax, the appendix wall severely limits its intraluminal volume, so mucus accumulation leads to inflammation of the appendix, known generically as appendicitis. In addition, the vermiform appendix may be the site of the development of neoplastic processes, which may or may not involve mucus production, some of which can significantly affect the standard of living and ultimately lead to death. In general, mucinous tumors may have a better prognosis than non-mucinous tumors. This review takes a comprehensive path, starting by describing the anatomy and embryology of the vermiform appendix and further detailing its inflammatory pathologies, pathologies related to congenital anomalies, and appendix tumors, thus creating an up-to-date framework for better understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these health problems.

Abstract

Lonicera caerulaea L. and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot fruits are frequently used for their health benefits as they are rich in bioactive compounds. They are recognized as a source of natural and valuable phytonutrients, which makes them a superfood. L. caerulea presents antioxidant activity three to five times higher than other berries which are more commonly consumed, such as blackberries or strawberries. In addition, their ascorbic acid level is the highest among fruits. The species A. melanocarpa is considered one of the richest known sources of antioxidants, surpassing currants, cranberries, blueberries, elderberries, and gooseberries, and contains one of the highest amounts of sorbitol. The non-edible leaves of genus Aronia became more extensively analyzed as a byproduct or waste material due to their high polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid content, along with a small amount of anthocyanins, which are used as ingredients in nutraceuticals, herbal teas, bio-cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, food and by the pharmaceutical industry. These plants are a rich source of vitamins, tocopherols, folic acid, and carotenoids. However, they remain outside of mainstream fruit consumption, being well known only to a small audience. This review aims to shed light on L. caerulaea and A. melanocarpa and their bioactive compounds as healthy superfoods with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic effects, and hepato-, cardio-, and neuro-protective potential. In this view, we hope to promote their cultivation and processing, increase their commercial availability, and also highlight the ability of these species to be used as potential nutraceutical sources, helpful for human health.

Abstract

The current study presents the results of an experiment carried to assess the impact of azithromycin, a COVID-19 drug, probably accumulated in marine sediments for three years, since the start of the pandemic, on benthic marine nematodes. It was explored the extent to which a common macrophyte from the Mediterranean Sea influenced the toxic impact of azithromycin on meiobenthic nematodes. Metals are known to influence toxicity of azithromycin. The nematofauna from a metallically pristine site situated in Bizerte bay, Tunisia, was exposed to two concentrations of azithromycin [i.e. 5 and 10 mu g l- 1]. In addition, two masses of the common macrophyte Posidonia oceanica [10 and 20% Dry Weight (DW)] were considered and associated with azithromycin into four possible combinations. The abundance and the taxonomic diversity of the nematode communities decreased significantly following the exposure to azithromycin, which was confirmed by the toxicokinetic data and behaving as substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The toxicity of 5 mu g l- 1 dosage of azithromycin was partially reduced at 10% DW of Posidonia and completely at 20% DW. The results showed that 5 mu g l- 1 of azithromycin can be reduced by the macrophyte P. oceanica when present in the environment at low masses as 10% DW.

Abstract

The health status of Mytilus galloprovincialis native from a polluted habitat was surveyed before and after 30 and 60 days of in situ transplantation and in vivo experiments. The results showed a reduction in filtration rate by 24 % and 45 %, respectively, after 60 days of in vivo and in situ experiments compared to the rates at polluted sites. The respiration rate reached a minimum of 0.081 & PLUSMN; 0.05 mg O2.L- 1 after 60 days of in situ transplantation. Moreover, the antioxidant activities were changed in a time-dependent manner for both transplantation conditions. The highest superoxide dismutase and catalase activities corresponded to the stressed mussels and declined by 76 % and 54 %, respectively, after 60 days of in situ transplantation. Changes in lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity were observed in internal organs following 60 days of transplantation. At this time slot, the lowest content of metals and microplastics was also noticed.

Abstract

This study identifies a source of heavy metal pollution in the Tarnia-Ostra area, Suceava County, Romania, using both chemical and biological techniques. Samples collected from the sterile dumps and the surrounding soil were digested and analyzed for total metals and arsenic by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). High concentrations of heavy metals, such as copper (3.12 g/kg), arsenic (0.68 g/kg), lead (2.67 g/kg), zinc (0.43 g/kg) and barium (0.54 g/kg), found in that region, may pose a high risk to the environment and public health through the food chain. The large amounts of Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As of the collected samples diminished much the germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), used in this study as a marker of toxicity. However, after the removal of the heavy metals by treating the aqueous extracts with sodium hydroxide solutions, the germination parameters returned to normal. The quantification of heavy metal levels by ICP-OES provides a better understanding of the potential ecological risks and contamination status of the tailings dumps. Instead, wheat germination tests can be reliable and inexpensive biological methods to prove the harmful effect of heavy metals and arsenic on plants.

Abstract

Simple Summary An analysis of the presence of mutations of 105 genes in appendiceal cancers through the lens of the reviewed literature supports the view that in most of them, the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, such as TP53 and SMAD4, is required in parallel with the reactivation of genes with oncogenic potentials, such as KRAS, GNAS, and BRAF, which support the main tumor processes, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis. Of all appendiceal cancers, the most mutated genes are reported in mucinous neoplasms of the appendix, not including those in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, followed by low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinomas, and mucinous adenocarcinomas of the appendix, in which this signaling pathway is most frequently affected, showing its importance in their tumorigenesis. Microsatellite instability rarely occurs in appendix cancers, being reported only in adenocarcinomas. In appendiceal cancers, the most frequently mutated genes are (i) KRAS, which, when reactivated, restores signal transduction via the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and stimulates cell proliferation in the early stages of tumor transformation, and then angiogenesis; (ii) TP53, whose inactivation leads to the inhibition of programmed cell death; (iii) GNAS, which, when reactivated, links the cAMP pathway to the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis; (iv) SMAD4, exhibiting typical tumor-suppressive activity, blocking the transmission of oncogenic TGFB signals via the SMAD2/SMAD3 heterodimer; and (v) BRAF, which is part of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Diverse mutations are reported in other genes, which are part of secondary or less critical signaling pathways for tumor progression, but which amplify the phenotypic diversity of appendiceal cancers. In this review, we will present the main genetic mutations involved in appendix tumors and their roles in cell proliferation and survival, and in tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis, and acquired resistance to anti-growth signals.

Abstract

Simple Summary The multiple impacts of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon on the aquatic invertebrates were rarely assessed in a chronic way and multiple-species experiments, despite the clear advantage of better mimicking natural conditions compared to traditional acute and single-species-focused toxicological experiments. The application of such an approach is essential to lower the health risks for populations that regularly consume seafood. The data presented herein supported the use of Mytilus galloprovincyalis and Ruditapes decussatus as bioindicators of phenanthrene in water and/or sediment and proved the efficacy of the biomarkers' assessment and molecular modelling in determining environmental thresholds and policies for governments. The aim of the current study was to assess the multifaceted effects of the polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene, mainly used in the colouring, explosive, and pharmaceutical industries, on the physiology of two bivalve species with economic value as seafood, namely, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincyalis and the European clam Ruditapes decussatus. The current study assessed how the phenanthrene affected several biomarkers and biometric endpoints in both bivalves, based on an in vivo experiment in silico approach. The bivalves were exposed during four time slots (i.e., 7, 15, 21, and 28 days) to two concentrations of phenanthrene in water (50 mu g/L and 100 mu g/L). For the clam R. decussatus, an additional contamination of sediment was applied due their typical benthic lifestyle (50 mu g/kg and 100 mu g/kg). The phenanthrene significantly reduced the ability of bivalves to tolerate desiccation and their Median Lethal Time, and also inhibited the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in a time-dependent manner. The activity of catalase indicated that bivalves also experienced oxidative stress during the first 21 days of the experiment. The significant decline in catalase activity observed during the last week of the experiment for the mussel M. galloprovincyalis supported a depletion of enzymes caused by the phenanthrene. The phenanthrene has also toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties, as assessed by the in silico approach. Overall, the results obtained suggest that the bivalves Ruditapes decussatus and M. galloprovincyalis can be used as a sentinel species in monitoring studies to assess the environmental impact of phenanthene in marine ecosystems. The significance of our findings is based on the fact that in ecotoxicology, little is known about the chronic effects, the simultaneous use of multiple species as bioindicators, and the interactions molecular modelling.

Abstract

Healthcare professionals face an ongoing challenge in managing both acute and chronic wounds, given the potential impact on patients' quality of life and the limited availability of expensive treatment options. Hydrogel wound dressings offer a promising solution for effective wound care due to their affordability, ease of use, and ability to incorporate bioactive substances that enhance the wound healing process. Our study aimed to develop and evaluate hybrid hydrogel membranes enriched with bioactive components such as collagen and hyaluronic acid. We utilized both natural and synthetic polymers and employed a scalable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly production process. We conducted extensive testing, including an in vitro assessment of moisture content, moisture uptake, swelling rate, gel fraction, biodegradation, water vapor transmission rate, protein denaturation, and protein adsorption. We evaluated the biocompatibility of the hydrogel membranes through cellular assays and performed instrumental tests using scanning electron microscopy and rheological analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the biohybrid hydrogel membranes exhibit cumulative properties with a favorable swelling ratio, optimal permeation properties, and good biocompatibility, all achieved with minimal concentrations of bioactive agents.

Abstract

The impact of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the uptake and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants by marine bivalves was assessed through a comparative laboratory study by exposing mussels to polycyclic aromatic hy-drocarbon (PAHs), in the presence and absence of ZnO and TiO2 NPs. PAHs and NPs concentration was analyzed after 14 days of exposure in mussels by GC/MS and ICP/AES. Furthermore, impact on the physiology and neurotoxicity of PAHs and NPs acting alone or in mixtures were also determined. Our results confirmed the bio-uptake of PAHs and NPs by mussels. In addition, the exposure NPs-PAHs resulted in different bio-uptake profile to that of PAHs alone. The NPs and accumulation of PAHs led to disturbance of essential metals concentration and to different impact profiles in the filtration and respiration capacities as well as in the acetylcholinesterase activity. Antagonist interactions between NPs and PAHs could occur after exposure.

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic for humans and marine fauna alike. The current study assessed the impact of PAHs on the migratory behaviour of meiobenthic nematodes collected from the Bizerte lagoon, Tunisia. The experiment lasted for 15 days and was carried in open microcosms, which comprised a lower, contaminated and an upper, uncontaminated compartment. Three treatments were used, for each of them an untreated control was set up: sediment contaminated with chrysene (116 ng g(-1) dry weight (DW), with phenanthrene (116 ng g(-1) DW) and a mixture of both. The results showed a significant decrease in diversty and abundance in the lower, contaminated compartments compared to the upper zones. The results also highlighted that under an increased stress some species progressively increased in number, these were considered PAH-tolerant species such as Odontophora villoti, some others had an occasionally increased in number were consid-ered as opportunistic species, such as Paracomesoma dubium and the species that showed a progressive decreased in number, such as Metoncholaimus pristiurus and Steineria sp., Terschellingia. longicaudata, and Oncholaimellus sp. were classified as PAH-sensitive. Moreover, an increase in the activity of biochemical biomarkers was observed following the exposure of males and gravid females of T. longicaudata to 29, 58 and 87 ng g(-1) DW of chrysene and phenanthrene paralleled by a higher vulnerability of the latter demographic category. Besides, a significant decrease in fertility of females and an increase in pharyngeal sucking power were observed for both types of PAHs considered. The sex ratio was also significantly imbalanced in the favor of males, which suggest that chrysene and phenanthrene affect also the hormone system of T. longicaudata. The high affinities of these PAHs and their molecular interactions with both germ line development protein 3 (GLD-3) and sex-determining protein (SDP) may justify these results and explain the toxicokinetic attributes.

Abstract

The richness and structure of symbiont assemblages are shaped by many factors acting at different spatial and temporal scales. Among them, host phylogeny and geographic distance play essential roles. To explore drivers of richness and structure of symbiont assemblages, feather mites and seabirds are an attractive model due to their peculiar traits. Feather mites are permanent ectosymbionts and considered highly host-specific with limited dispersal abilities. Seabirds harbour species-rich feather mite communities and their colonial breeding provides opportunities for symbionts to exploit several host species. To unravel the richness and test the influence of host phylogeny and geographic distance on mite communities, we collected feather mites from 11 seabird species breeding across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Using morphological criteria, we identified 33 mite species, of which 17 were new or recently described species. Based on community similarity analyses, mite communities were clearly structured by host genera, while the effect of geography within host genera or species was weak and sometimes negligible. We found a weak but significant effect of geographic distance on similarity patterns in mite communities for Cory's shearwaters Calonectris borealis. Feather mite specificity mainly occurred at the host-genus rather than at host-species level, suggesting that previously inferred host species-specificity may have resulted from poorly sampling closely related host species. Overall, our results show that host phylogeny plays a greater role than geography in determining the composition and structure of mite assemblages and pinpoints the importance of sampling mites from closely-related host species before describing mite specificity patterns.

Abstract

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9 center dot 2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9 center dot 1-9 center dot 3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7 center dot 3 trillion (95% UI 7 center dot 2-7 center dot 4) in 2019; 293 center dot 7 times the $24 center dot 8 billion (95% UI 24 center dot 3-25 center dot 3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43 center dot 1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1 center dot 8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37 center dot 8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12 center dot 2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health -related COVID-19 response is 252 center dot 2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11-21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained.

Abstract

The richness and structure of symbiont assemblages are shaped by many factors acting at different spatial and temporal scales. Among them, host phylogeny and geographic distance play essential roles. To explore drivers of richness and structure of symbiont assemblages, feather mites and seabirds are an attractive model due to their peculiar traits. Feather mites are permanent ectosymbionts and considered highly host-specific with limited dispersal abilities. Seabirds harbour species-rich feather mite communities and their colonial breeding provides opportunities for symbionts to exploit several host species. To unravel the richness and test the influence of host phylogeny and geographic distance on mite communities, we collected feather mites from 11 seabird species breeding across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Using morphological criteria, we identified 33 mite species, of which 17 were new or recently described species. Based on community similarity analyses, mite communities were clearly structured by host genera, while the effect of geography within host genera or species was weak and sometimes negligible. We found a weak but significant effect of geographic distance on similarity patterns in mite communities for Cory’s shearwaters Calonectris borealis. Feather mite specificity mainly occurred at the host-genus rather than at host-species level, suggesting that previously inferred host species-specificity may have resulted from poorly sampling closely related host species. Overall, our results show that host phylogeny plays a greater role than geography in determining the composition and structure of mite assemblages and pinpoints the importance of sampling mites from closely-related host species before describing mite specificity patterns. © 2023, The Author(s).

Abstract

Brewer’s spent yeast (BSY) is a byproduct of the beer industry, rich in proteins and bioactive compounds. The effects of BSY were investigated through a 6-week feeding trial on 30 lactating dairy Blackhead sheep (54.7 ± 5.66 kg, 177.34 days in milk) distributed under a completely randomised design in two groups: a control group (with soybean meal and sunflower meal as protein sources), and a BSY group, where soybean meal was totally replaced by BSY (5.4% inclusion, DM basis). The inclusion of BSY led to a 25% decrease in ruminal propionate and in the acetate/propionate ratio. BSY influenced the milk fatty acid profile by significantly decreasing the omega 6: omega 3 ratio and increasing the contents of caproic, capric, and lauric acids. Also, the inclusion of BSY was associated with an increase in the milk’s total polyphenols. Consistently, determinations of the parameters of the milk fat’s oxidative stability revealed a decrease in conjugated diene contents. Moreover, the mineral contents of milk were influenced, with an increase in Ca content noted. Overall, these results indicate that BSY represents an alternative feedstuff for ruminants’ nutrition, which could have the potential to induce changes in ruminal fermentation and milk composition that are beneficial for consumers. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

Polyphenolic extracts from natural sources have received great interest due to their beneficial properties for human health. A method to reduce their variability is to use the design of experiments which allows a limited number of experiments to be performed while exploring the experimental space. Firstly, a 23-full factorial model was used to investigate the polyphenols extraction from wild bilberry leaves. Spectrophotometric data (the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll and radical scavenger activity) and extraction yield were used as responses, and six statistical models were determined depending on the two numerical factors (temperature and alcohol % of ethanol–water mixture) being significant (p &lt; 0.05) in all cases. Numerical optimisation performed by Design Expert 13 software correlates well with the chemical profile determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and the amount of the polyphenol. Afterwards, under the optimised conditions, an extract was prepared in three extraction steps for which composition, chemical stability and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The antimicrobial potential of the extract was compared with that of the standard compounds (rutin and chlorogenic acid), and the results supported a synergistic effect of the extract components. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

The regular administration of antibiotics is a public concern due to the prejudices of large population groups and the high frequency with which antimicrobial products are prescribed. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a new extract from Boletus edulis (BEE) on the human microbiota. One of the disadvantages of this extensive use is the disruption of the human microbiota, leading to potential negative health consequences. The in vitro evaluation of BEE consisted in determining its cytotoxicity, influence on the concentration of four types of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα), and capacity to modulate the human microbiota after administering antibiotics. The latter was assessed by microbiome analysis and the evaluation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFAs). Simultaneously, the content of total polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the compositional analysis of the extract (individual polyphenols composition) were determined. The results showed that BEE modulates the microbial pattern and reduces inflammatory progression. The data demonstrated antioxidant properties correlated with the increase in synthesizing some biomarkers, such as SCFAs, which mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without using probiotic products. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

Healthcare professionals face an ongoing challenge in managing both acute and chronic wounds, given the potential impact on patients’ quality of life and the limited availability of expensive treatment options. Hydrogel wound dressings offer a promising solution for effective wound care due to their affordability, ease of use, and ability to incorporate bioactive substances that enhance the wound healing process. Our study aimed to develop and evaluate hybrid hydrogel membranes enriched with bioactive components such as collagen and hyaluronic acid. We utilized both natural and synthetic polymers and employed a scalable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly production process. We conducted extensive testing, including an in vitro assessment of moisture content, moisture uptake, swelling rate, gel fraction, biodegradation, water vapor transmission rate, protein denaturation, and protein adsorption. We evaluated the biocompatibility of the hydrogel membranes through cellular assays and performed instrumental tests using scanning electron microscopy and rheological analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the biohybrid hydrogel membranes exhibit cumulative properties with a favorable swelling ratio, optimal permeation properties, and good biocompatibility, all achieved with minimal concentrations of bioactive agents. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is considered as one of the most highly toxic heavy metal that is released into the environment on a large scale, and its concentrations in water have significantly increased as a result of human activities. In particular, contamination of rivers and drinking water may easily occur, especially in locations close to industry or mines. In this study, we examined the impact of Cd exposure on the body wall of the freshwater leech Limnatis nilotica at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 µg/l. The findings showed that the exposure caused histopathological changes as well as oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde concentrations (MDA)) and changes in antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx)). In fact, numerous histological changes were observed, such as cuticle deterioration, a marked increase in the number of secretory cells, increased mucus production, vacuolization of the epithelium, altered epithelial cell borders, and mucus cell hyperplasia. The histological results are consistent with the biochemical findings because we found that MDA levels significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the Cd exposure disrupted the levels of the antioxidant levels. Indeed, SOD, CAT, and Gpx activities were increased in the group treated with the lower dose (100 g/l), whereas their levels dramatically decreased at higher Cd doses (200 and 300 g/l). Therefore, the presence of this heavy metal in freshwater habitats may have severe ecological risks that may lead to leech aquatic habitat destruction and fragmentation. © 2023, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Arguably the most popular remote-sensing products are classified images. However, there are no definitive procedures to assess classification accuracy that simultaneously consider resources available and field efforts. The explosive usage of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in land surveys adds new challenges to classification assessment, as orthorectified images usually contain significant artifacts. This study aims to identify the optimal ratio between training and validation sample size within a supervised classification approach applied to UAS orthophotos. As a case study, we used a wetland area west of Portland, OR, USA, treated with various glyphosate formulations to control Phalaris arundinacea, commonly known as reed canary grass. A completely randomized design with five replications and six glyphosate formulations was used to assess P. arundinacea vigor following repeated herbicide applications. The change in P. arundinacea vitality was monitored with high-resolution four-band imagery acquired with a SlantRange 3PX camera installed on a DJI Matrice 210. The orthophotos created from images were produced with Pix4D, which was subsequently preprocessed with ERDAS Imagine 2020 to reduce the noise, shadows, and artifacts. All images were classified with the maximum likelihood classification algorithm. Simple random and stratified random sampling methods were applied to collect training and validation samples, evaluating eight ratios of training to validation samples to assess their classification accuracy. We found that increasing the training-to-validation sample size ratio enhances accuracy, with the 3:1 ratio being the most reliable in classifying P. arundinacea vigor. Our study provides evidence that image preprocessing and enhancement are essential for UAS-based imagery. © Articles by the authors; Licensee UASVM and SHST, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.

Abstract

<h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2> <div>Recently, there has been increased interest in the discovery of new natural herbal remedies for treating diabetes and inflammatory diseases. In this context, this work analyzed the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of&nbsp;Artemisia absinthium,&nbsp;<span class="html-italic">Artemisia vulgaris</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;Trigonella foenum-graecum&nbsp;herbs, which have been studied less from this point of view. Therefore, extracts were prepared and processed using membrane technologies, micro- and ultrafiltration, to concentrate the biologically active principles. The polyphenol and flavone contents in the extracts were analyzed. The qualitative analysis of the polyphenolic compounds was performed via HPLC, identifying chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid and rutin in&nbsp;<span class="html-italic">A. absinthium</span>; chlorogenic acid, luteolin and rutin in&nbsp;A. vulgaris; and genistin in&nbsp;<span class="html-italic">T. foenum-graecum</span>. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was analyzed by testing their ability to inhibit &alpha;-amylase and &alpha;-glucosidase, and the anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed by testing their ability to inhibit hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase. Thus, the concentrated extracts of&nbsp;T. foenum-graecum&nbsp;showed high inhibitory activity on a-amylase&mdash;IC₅₀&nbsp;= 3.22 &plusmn; 0.3 &mu;g/mL&mdash;(compared with acarbose&mdash;IC₅₀&nbsp;= 3.5 &plusmn; 0.18 &mu;g/mL) and high inhibitory activity on LOX&mdash;IC₅₀&nbsp;= 19.69 &plusmn; 0.52 &mu;g/mL (compared with all standards used). The concentrated extract of&nbsp;A. vulgaris&nbsp;showed increased &alpha;-amylase inhibition activity&mdash;IC₅₀&nbsp;= 8.57 &plusmn; 2.31 &mu;g/mL&mdash;compared to acarbose IC₅₀&nbsp;= 3.5 &plusmn; 0.18 &mu;g/mL. The concentrated extract of&nbsp;A. absinthium&nbsp;showed pronounced LOX inhibition activity&mdash;IC₅₀&nbsp;= 19.71 &plusmn; 0.79 &mu;g/mL&mdash;compared to ibuprofen&mdash;IC₅₀ = 20.19 &plusmn; 1.25 &mu;g/mL.</div>

Abstract

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common type of cancer, with more than half a million new cases annually. This review focuses on the role of oral dysbiosis and HPV infection in HNCs, presenting the involved taxons, molecular effectors and pathways, as well as the HPV-associated particularities of genetic and epigenetic changes and of the tumor microenvironment occurred in different stages of tumor development. Oral dysbiosis is associated with the evolution of HNCs, through multiple mechanisms such as inflammation, genotoxins release, modulation of the innate and acquired immune response, carcinogens and anticarcinogens production, generation of oxidative stress, induction of mutations. Thus, novel microbiome-derived biomarkers and interventions could significantly contribute to achieving the desideratum of personalized management of oncologic patients, regarding both early diagnosis and treatment. The results reported by different studies are not always congruent regarding the variations in the abundance of different taxons in HNCs. However, there is a consistent reporting of a higher abundance of Gram-negative species such as Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Treponema, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella, Bacteroidetes, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacterales, which are probably responsible of chronic inflammation and modulation of tumor microenvironment. Candida albicans is the dominant fungi found in oral carcinoma being also associated with shorter survival rate. Specific microbial signatures (e.g., F. nucleatum, Bacteroidetes and Peptostreptococcus) have been associated with later stages and larger tumor, suggesting their potential to be used as biomarkers for tumor stratification and prognosis. On the other hand, increased abundance of Corynebacterium, Kingella, Abiotrophia is associated with a reduced risk of HNC. Microbiome could also provide biomarkers for differentiating between oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers as well as between HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors. Ongoing clinical trials aim to validate non-invasive tests for microbiome-derived biomarkers detection in oral and throat cancers, especially within high-risk populations. Oro-pharyngeal dysbiosis could also impact the HNCs therapy and associated side-effects of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. HPV-positive tumors harbor fewer mutations, as well as different DNA methylation pattern and tumor microenvironment. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which oral microbiota and HPV infection influence the HNC initiation and progression, screening for HPV infection and vaccination against HPV, adopting a good oral hygiene, and preventing oral dysbiosis are important tools for advancing in the battle with this public health global challenge.

Abstract

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is popular for the treatment of endometriosis, a complex gynecological disease that affects 10% of women globally. The growing market for TCMs has yielded a significant incentive for product adulteration, and although emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control, many challenges remain. We tested the authenticity of two traditional Chinese herbal formulae used in women's healthcare for the treatment of endometriosis, known as Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (FL) and Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang (GX). Dual-locus DNA metabarcoding analysis coupled with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were used to authenticate 19 FL and six GX commercial herbal products, as well as three ad hoc prepared artificial mixtures. HPTLC was able to detect most of the expected ingredients via comparative component analysis. DNA metabarcoding was able to detect an unexpected species diversity in the products, including 38 unexpected taxa. Chromatography has a resolution for all species indirectly through the identification of marker compounds for the different species ingredients. Metabarcoding on the other hand yields an overview of species diversity in each sample, but interpretation of the results can be challenging. Detected species might not be present in quantities that matter, and without validated quantification, some detected species can be hard to interpret. Comparative analysis of the two analytical approaches also reveals that DNA for species might be absent or too fragmented to amplify as the relevant chemical marker compounds can be detected but no amplicons are assigned to the same species. Our study emphasizes that integrating DNA metabarcoding with phytochemical analysis brings valuable data for the comprehensive authentication of Traditional Chinese Medicines ensuring their quality and safe use.

Abstract

Biocompatible drug-delivery systems for soft tissue applications are of high interest for the medical and pharmaceutical fields. The subject of this research is the development of hydrogels loaded with bioactive compounds (inulin, thyme essential oil, hydro-glycero-alcoholic extract of Vitis vinifera, Opuntia ficus-indica powder, lactic acid, citric acid) in order to support the vaginal microbiota homeostasis. The nanofibrillar phyto-hydrogel systems developed using the biocompatible polymers chitosan (CS), never-dried bacterial nanocellulose (NDBNC), and Poloxamer 407 (PX) incorporated the water-soluble bioactive components in the NDBNC hydrophilic fraction and the hydrophobic components in the hydrophobic core of the PX fraction. Two NDBNC-PX hydrogels and one NDBNC-PX-CS hydrogel were structurally and physical-chemically characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and rheology. The hydrogels were also evaluated in terms of thermo-responsive properties, mucoadhesion, biocompatibility, and prebiotic and antimicrobial effects. The mucin binding efficiency of hydrogel base systems was determined by the periodic acid/Schiff base (PAS) assay. Biocompatibility of hydrogel systems was determined by the MTT test using mouse fibroblasts. The prebiotic activity was determined using the probiotic strains Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum. Antimicrobial activity was also assessed using relevant microbial strains, respectively, E. coli and C. albicans. TEM evidenced PX micelles of around 20 nm on NDBNC nanofibrils. The FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that the binary hydrogels are dominated by PX signals, and that the ternary hydrogel is dominated by CS, with additional particular fingerprints for the biocompounds and the hydrogel interaction with mucin. Rheology evidenced the gel transition temperatures of 18-22 degrees C for the binary hydrogels with thixotropic behavior and, respectively, no gel transition, with rheopectic behavior for the ternary hydrogel. The adhesion energies of the binary and ternary hydrogels were evaluated to be around 1.2 J/m(2) and 9.1 J/m(2), respectively. The hydrogels exhibited a high degree of biocompatibility, with the potential to support cell proliferation and also to promote the growth of lactobacilli. The hydrogel systems also presented significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.

Abstract

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) (SB) is increasingly consumed worldwide as a food and food supplement. The remarkable richness in biologically active phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, vitamins) is responsible for its purported nutritional and health-promoting effects. Despite the considerable interest and high market demand for SB-based supplements, a limited number of studies report on the authentication of such commercially available products. Herein, untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS) were able to compare the phytochemical fingerprint of leaves, berries, and various categories of SB-berry herbal supplements (teas, capsules, tablets, liquids). By untargeted metabolomics, a multivariate discrimination analysis and a univariate approach (t-test and ANOVA) showed some putative authentication biomarkers for berries, e.g., xylitol, violaxanthin, tryptophan, quinic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside. Significant dominant molecules were found for leaves: luteolin-5-glucoside, arginine, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, serotonin, and tocopherol. The univariate analysis showed discriminations between the different classes of food supplements using similar algorithms. Finally, eight molecules were selected and considered significant putative authentication biomarkers. Further studies will be focused on quantitative evaluation.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fluid extracts obtained from three Romanian cultivars of haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) var. Loni, bitter cherries (Prunus avium var. sylvestris Ser.) var. Silva, and pomace from red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) var. Mamaia, and their capacity to modulate in vitro steatosis, in view of developing novel anti-obesity products. Total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid content of fluid extracts was spectrophotometrically assessed and their free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated using Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition assays. The Pearson coefficients showed a moderate correlation between the antioxidant activity of fluid extracts and their phenolic content, but a strong correlation between anthocyanin and ascorbic acid content. HPLC analysis identified and quantified the main phenolic compounds of chlorogenic and syringic acid, catechin, and glycosylated kaempferol, apigenin, and quercetin, in variable proportions. An in vitro experimental model of steatosis was developed in HepG2 hepatocytes treated with a mixture of free fatty acids. Cell culture analyses showed that cytocompatible concentrations of fluid extracts could significantly reduce the lipid accumulation and inhibit the reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide secretion in stressed hepatocytes. In conclusion, these results put an emphasis on the chemical compounds' high antioxidant and liver protection capacity of unstudied fluid extracts obtained from Romanian cultivars of bitter cherries var. Silva and pomace of red grapes var. Mamaia, similar to the fluid extract of haskap berries var. Loni, in particular, the positive modulation of fat deposition next to oxidative stress and the lipid peroxidation process triggered by fatty acids in HepG2 hepatocytes. Consequently, this study indicated that these fluid extracts could be further exploited as hepatoprotective agents in liver steatosis, which provides a basis for the further development of novel extract mixtures with synergistic activity as anti-obesity products.

Abstract

Introduction: Cannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices.Objective: The article aims to review the literature on the application of GC-based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023.Methodology: A thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded.Results: Since the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC-MS and GC-MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre-analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols.Conclusions: GC-based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC-MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to design, produce and characterize composite substrates consisting of different formulations of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), as a polymer matrix, and silver-containing mesoporous bioactive glasses (Ag-MBGs) with improved properties for bone tissue engineering.Methods: Ag-MBGs were synthesized by an evaporation-induced self-assembly process. Different polymer-to-particles weight ratios were considered (90/10, 80/20, 70/30 wt%). PCL/Ag-MBGs composites substrates were manufactured by melting and molding technique. The effect of Ag-MBGs embedded in the polymer matrix was investigated by morphological (field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), SEM and contact angle measurement), structural/functional (small punch and tensile tests), antimicrobial, and in vitro biological analyses.Results: The obtained results highlighted that the inclusion of 10% by weight of Ag-MBGs improved the punching performances as well as the tensile Young's modulus (from 350.3 +/- 32.0 MPa for PCL to 473.5 +/- 41.0 MPa), without negatively altering the tensile strength of the neat PCL. Indeed, small punch test findings indicated that, over a threshold concentration (10% by weight), the Ag-MBGs acted as weak points, rather than reinforcement, because the mechanical properties of the composite substrates decreased. The bacterial growth monitoring showed a clear antimicrobial effect against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, confirmed by reduced cell viability registered after 24 h (2 x105 CFU/mL for P. aeruginosa and 2.3 x105 CFU/mL for S. aureus). The results were confirmed in terms of adhesion and adherent growth, reduced at day 3 on PCL samples with 10% of Ag/ MBGs. Furthermore, this formulation induced a significant inhibition zone (21 mm for P. aeruginosa, 23 mm for S. aureus). In vitro biological assays confirmed that all formulations of PCL/Ag-MBGs supported periodontal ligament stem cells' viability and differentiation over time. Particularly, substrates with Ag-MBGs at a concentration of 10% and 20% by weight of Ag-MBGs provided higher values of the percentage of Alamar Blue reduction meanwhile, the highest Ag-MBGs concentration induced a higher expression of alkaline phosphatase activity.Significance: Ag-MBGs proved to be suitable candidates as filler at a specific threshold concentration (10% by weight), considering a compromise among physicochemical, antimicrobial, and pro-regenerative features. These findings provide useful data for the design and development of improved biomaterials with optimized properties, suggesting a potential application in maxillofacial bone and/or periodontal tissue repair.

Abstract

This article examines how circularity can be measured and evaluated in the agricultural sector. Circularity represents a key approach for promoting sustainability in agriculture and for the efficient management of resources. Through a comprehensive review of the scientific literature and employing rigorous selection methods, we identify the relevant indicators and tools for assessing circularity in the agri-food chain. The initial bibliometric analysis was performed by using a Biblioshiny instrument from R package tool Bibliometrics. Additionally, this article analyzes the methodologies based on the indicators and metrics that can be applied to measure the restorative capacity and effectiveness of the agricultural system. Most current research follows the 3R principles of the circular economy and establishes an evaluation index system based on the regional characteristics. Methods such as the multi-criteria decision analysis, data envelopment analysis, and life cycle assessment are the most used to date. For the micro-level analysis, system dynamics, material flow analysis, and emergy analysis were the most suitable. Our results provide a clear perspective on the current state of the research in the field of measuring circularity in agriculture and lay the groundwork for the future development of effective strategies for implementing the circular economy in this crucial sector.

Abstract

Owing to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, in the last few years, lavender essential oil (LVO) has been used in medical applications as a promising approach for treating infected wounds. However, the practical applicability of LVO is limited by its high volatility and storage stability. This study aimed to develop a novel hybrid hydrogel by combining phytic acid (PA)-crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) and poly(itaconic anhydride-co-3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5] undecane (PITAU) and evaluate its potential effectiveness as an antibacterial wound dressing after incorporating LVO. The influence of the mass ratio between SA and PITAU on the properties and stability of hydrogels was investigated. After LVO loading, the effect of oil addition to hydrogels on their functional properties and associated structural changes was studied. FTIR analysis revealed that hydrogen bonding is the primary interaction mechanism between components in the hybrid hydrogels. The morphology was analyzed using SEM, evidencing a porosity dependent on the ratio between SA and PITAU, while LVO droplets were well dispersed in the polymer blend. The release of LVO from the hydrogels was determined using UV-VIS spectroscopy, indicating a sustained release over time, independent of the LVO concentration. In addition, the hybrid hydrogels were tested for their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Very good antimicrobial activity was obtained in the case of sample SA_PITAU3+LVO10% against S. aureus and C. albicans. Moreover, in vivo tests showed an increased antioxidant effect of the SA_PITAU3+LVO10% hydrogel compared to the oil-free scaffold that may aid in accelerating the healing process of wounds.

Abstract

Diabetes is a condition correlated with a high number of diagnosed chronic wounds as a result of a complex pathophysiological mechanism. Diabetic chronic wounds are characterized by disorganized and longer stages, compared to normal wound healing. Natural polymer hydrogels can act as good wound dressings due to their versatile physicochemical properties, represented mainly by high water content and good biocompatibility. Natural bioactive hydrogels are polymers loaded with bioactive compounds providing antibacterial and antioxidant properties, modulation of inflammation and adherence to wounded tissue, compared to traditional dressings, which enables promising future applications for diabetic wound healing. Natural bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides and proteins have great advantages in promoting chronic wound healing in diabetes due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-allergic and wound healing properties. The present paper aims to review the wound healing mechanisms underlining the main issues of chronic wounds and those specifically occurring in diabetes. Also, the review highlights the recent state of the art related to the effect of hydrogels enriched with natural bioactive compounds developed as biocompatible functional materials for improving diabetic-related chronic wound healing and providing novel therapeutic strategies that could prevent limb amputation and increase the quality of life in diabetic patients.

Abstract

Hedera helix L. contains phytochemicals with good biological properties which are beneficial to human health and can be used to protect plants against different diseases. The aim of this research was to find the most suitable extraction method and the most favorable parameters for the extraction of different bioactive compounds from ivy leaves. Different extraction methods, namely microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional heating extraction (CHE), were used. The most suitable method for the extraction of saponins is MAE with an extraction efficiency of 58%, while for carbohydrates and polyphenols, the best results were achieved via UAE with an extraction efficiency of 61.7% and 63.5%, respectively. The antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts was also determined. The highest AA was obtained via UAE (368.98 +/- 9.01 mu mol TR/gDM). Better results were achieved at 50( degrees)C for 10 min of extraction, using 80% ethanol in water as solvent. In order to evaluate their in vitro cytotoxicity, the extracts richest in bioactive compounds were tested on NCTC fibroblasts. Their influence on the DNA content of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was also tested. Until 200 mu g/mL, the extracts obtained via UAE and MAE were cytocompatible with NCTC fibroblasts at 48 h of treatment. Summarizing the above, both MAE and UAE can be employed as green and efficient methods for producing extracts rich in bioactive compounds, exhibiting strong antioxidant properties and good noncytotoxic activity.

Abstract

Organic farming, characterised by environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural practices, has gained significant attention throughout the years due to its potential to address critical issues such as food security, environmental sustainability, and public health. Voluntary certification systems play a pivotal role in ensuring the integrity and quality of organic products in the market. Understanding the research landscape surrounding organic farming and voluntary certifications is of paramount importance for scholars, policy makers, farmers, and consumers. In this context, the present study utilizes a bibliometric approach to achieve a deeper understanding of the trends, key contributors, and key terms in these domains via a bibliometric analysis in order to contribute to the broader goals of promoting sustainable agriculture and informed consumer choices. The evolution of the field is traced, shedding light on seminal papers, influential authors, and prolific journals. The research type is quantitative, using Web of Science, VOSviewer, and bibliometric study as instruments. The results show that, for both terms organic farming and voluntary certifications, papers usually involve three or more authors and use other sources as the unit of analysis, leaving room for improvement and the filling of a gap in the specialty literature. This insight can guide future researchers and policymakers in focusing on critical areas within organic farming and certification systems, further advancing the field and addressing pressing issues related to sustainability, quality, and consumer awareness.

Abstract

The EU's goals by 2050 are to ensure food security, prevent bio-diversity loss, and strengthen the EU food system's resilience. Recent scientific research and the situation in the global market show that the cultivation and processing of raspberries is currently completely unsustainable. This sector is experiencing a huge decline in Lithuania. Therefore, we chose the sustainability of raspberry growing (from farm) and processing (to fork) as an object. The aim of this article was (i) to analyze the raw material of the raspberry plant for product sustainable processing, (ii) to create a digital sustainability measurement model, and (iii) to present sustainable development solutions for effective raspberry growing and processing on Lithuanian farms using content and descriptive methods. This paper discusses how to help small raspberry growers and processors achieve sustainable economic, environmental, and social performance from field raw material to processed products. Analysis of the scientific literature has revealed qualitative and quantitative sustainability indicators for improving raspberry production. The assessment of the sustainability according to our created model revealed the (un)sustainable factors and the current situation in raspberry farms on a Likert scale from very unsustainable to very sustainable. Based on the evaluation we have determined sustainable development solutions. Raspberry growing and processing in Lithuania can contribute to environmental conservation, economic growth, and social well-being, fostering a more sustainable and resilient agricultural sector by investing in R&D, improving productivity, creating employment opportunities and supporting rural communities, establishing a robust waste management system, and embracing renewable energy sources. Raspberry growers and processors can use the digital model we created for the sustainability, efficiency, and development directions of their farm.

Abstract

The aquatic subterranean ecosystems represent research frontiers for ecology and conservation biology. The aquatic subterranean fauna and associated microorganisms are organised in food webs that are essential in the nutrients cycling and energy fluxes within habitats generally characterised by low resources. However, the knowledge of how these trophic networks are structured and conditioned by the interaction with surface ecosystems is scarce. Traditionally, subterranean aquatic food webs were regarded as simple and truncated because of low species diversity and abundance compared to surface. The current review provides an updated description of aquatic subterranean food webs, based on the latest findings from various types of habitats: cave streams, the hyporheic zone and phreatic aquifers, with the general conclusion that such trophic networks are much more complex and dynamic as historically believed. The energylimitation hypothesis and the bottom-up forces are increasingly recognised as the main structuring agents of the aquatic subterranean trophic networks. It is predicted that the bottom-up forces are generated by two interconnected factors: nutrients availability in water and quantity, quality and the types (i.e. surface derived photosynthetic and detrital, in some cases mixed with in situ chemosynthetically based organic matter) of basal energy input. Further recommendations for the integration of groundwater research into the current overarching concepts of surface ecology are made, given this field of science remains currently rather descriptive and less hypothesis-driven.

Abstract

A major clinical challenge today is the large number of bone defects caused by diseases or trauma. The development of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with adequate properties is crucial for successful bone repair. In this study, we prepared biomimetic mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG)-based scaffolds with and without ceria addition (up to 3 mol %) to explore the biological structure and chemical composition of the marine sponge Spongia Agaricina (SA) as a sacrificial template. Micro-CT examination revealed that all scaffolds exhibited a highly porous structure with pore diameters primarily ranging from 143.5 mu m to 213.5 mu m, facilitating bone ingrowth. Additionally, smaller pores (< 75 mu m), which are known to enhance osteogenesis, were observed. The undoped scaffold displayed the highest open porosity value of 90.83%. Cytotoxicity assessments demonstrated that all scaffolds were noncytotoxic and nongenotoxic toward osteoblast cells. Moreover, scaffolds with higher CeO2 content promoted osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells, stimulating calcium and osteocalcin secretion. The scaffolds also exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as drug delivery ability. Our research findings indicated that the combination of MBG, natural biological structure, and the addition of Ce exhibited a synergistic effect on the structure and biological properties of scaffolds for applications in bone tissue engineering.

Abstract

Recently, there has been increased interest in the discovery of new natural herbal remedies for treating diabetes and inflammatory diseases. In this context, this work analyzed the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris and Trigonella foenum-graecum herbs, which have been studied less from this point of view. Therefore, extracts were prepared and processed using membrane technologies, micro- and ultrafiltration, to concentrate the biologically active principles. The polyphenol and flavone contents in the extracts were analyzed. The qualitative analysis of the polyphenolic compounds was performed via HPLC, identifying chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid and rutin in A. absinthium; chlorogenic acid, luteolin and rutin in A. vulgaris; and genistin in T. foenum-graecum. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was analyzed by testing their ability to inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, and the anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed by testing their ability to inhibit hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase. Thus, the concentrated extracts of T. foenum-graecum showed high inhibitory activity on a-amylase-IC50 = 3.22 +/- 0.3 mu g/mL-(compared with acarbose-IC50 = 3.5 +/- 0.18 mu g/mL) and high inhibitory activity on LOX-IC50 = 19.69 +/- 0.52 mu g/mL (compared with all standards used). The concentrated extract of A. vulgaris showed increased alpha-amylase inhibition activity-IC50 = 8.57 +/- 2.31 mu g/mL-compared to acarbose IC50 = 3.5 +/- 0.18 mu g/mL. The concentrated extract of A. absinthium showed pronounced LOX inhibition activity-IC50 = 19.71 +/- 0.79 mu g/mL-compared to ibuprofen-IC50 = 20.19 +/- 1.25 mu g/mL.

Abstract

This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) strains isolated from the clinical and aquatic environment. Three types of Ag NPs were investigated for their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties on a total number of 132 AB strains isolated in the same temporal sequence from intra-hospital infections (IHIs), wastewater (WW), and surface water (SW) samples between 2019 and 2022 from different Romanian locations and characterized at the phenotypic and genotypic levels. The comparative analysis of the antimicrobial resistance (AR) profiles according to the isolation source and the geographical location demonstrated a decrease in MDR level in AB recovered from WW samples in 2022 from north-eastern/central/southern regions (N-E/C-W/analyzed strains S): 87.5/60/32.5%. The AB strains were lecithinase, caseinase, amylase, and lipase producers, had variable biofilm formation ability, and belonged to six genotypes associated with the presence of different virulence genes (ompA, csuE, bap, and bfmS). The Ag NPs synthesized with the solvothermal method exhibited an inhibitory effect on microbial growth, the adherence capacity to the inert substratum, and on the production of soluble virulence factors. We report here the first description of a powerful antibacterial agent against MDR AB strains circulating between hospitals and anthropically polluted water in Romania.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to design a dual-layer wound dressing as a new fibrous biomaterial based on the valorization of animal-derived proteins. The first layer was fabricated by the deposition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) loaded with keratin hydrolysate (KH) via a mono-electrospinning process onto a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film, which was used as a support. The second layer consisted of encapsulating a bovine collagen hydrolysate (CH) into poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) through a coaxial electrospinning process, which was added onto the previous layer. This assemblage was characterized by electronic microscopy for morphology and the controlled release of KH. In vitro biocompatibility was evaluated on the L929 (NCTC) murine fibroblasts using quantitative MTT assay and qualitative cell morphological examination after Giemsa staining. Additionally, in vivo biocompatibility methods were used to assess the impact of the biomaterial on white Swiss mice, including the evaluation of hematological, biochemical, and immunological profiles, as well as its impact on oxidative stress. The results revealed a nanofibrous structure for each layer, and the assembled product demonstrated antioxidant activity, controlled release of KH, a high degree of in vitro biocompatibility, negligible hematological and biochemical changes, and minimal impact of certain specific oxidative stress parameters compared to the use of patches with textile support.

Abstract

Hypertension is a frequent comorbidity in patients with heart failure; therefore, blood pressure management for these patients is widely recommended in medical guidelines. Bee pollen and postbiotics that contain inactivated probiotic cells and their metabolites have emerged as promising bioactive compounds sources, and their potential role in mitigating cardiovascular (CV) risks is currently being unveiled. Therefore, this preliminary study aimed to investigate the impact of a lactic-fermented bee pollen postbiotic (FBPP) on the CV microbiota via in vitro tests. A new isolated Lactobacillus spp. strain from the digestive tract of bees was used to ferment pollen, obtaining liquid and dried atomized caps postbiotics. The modulating effects on a CV microbiota that corresponds to the pathophysiology of hypertension were investigated using microbiological methods and qPCR and correlated with the metabolic profile. Both liquid and dried FBPPs increased the number of the beneficial Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. bacteria by up to 2 log/mL, while the opportunistic pathogen E. coli, which contributes to CV pathogenesis, decreased by 3 log/mL. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile revealed a significant increase in lactic (6.386 +/- 0.106 g/L) and acetic (4.284 +/- 0.017 g/L) acids, both with known antihypertensive effects, and the presence of isovaleric acid, which promotes a healthy gut microbiota. Understanding the impact of the FBPP on gut microbiota could lead to innovative strategies for promoting heart health and preventing cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract

Nowadays, intensive agriculture correlated with the impact of climate change has led to nutrient soil depletion and the salinization of agricultural lands, making them unsuitable for conventional agricultural crops, with a direct impact on the food industry. Therefore, it is necessary to find sustainable alternative solutions that satisfy the needs of both consumers and food production. One such solution may be represented by salt-tolerant species that can fulfill food requirements. One of the most promising salt-tolerant plant species that can be used is Salicornia europaea L. The present work was conducted in greenhouse conditions, and the adaptability of the species on different cultivation substrates was investigated by means of monitoring the plant indicators such as cuticle, epidermis, parenchyma, polyphenols content, and minerals. Moreover, the correlation between the polyphenol and mineral contents was highlighted. Therefore, three cultivation substrates with different levels of salinity/electrical conductivity were used. The reference (I) for biochemical indicators was represented by the plant grown in natural salinity conditions in the Southeast region of Romania. The results indicate that Salicornia europaea L. can be grown on different cultivation substrates other than salted soils, the plant showing the capacity to accumulate bioactive compounds similar to natively grown ones.

Abstract

Gerbillus is one of the most speciose genera among rodents, with ca. 51 recognized species. Previous attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Gerbillus mainly relied on the mitochondrial cyt-b marker as a source of phylogenetic information. In this study, we utilize RAD-seq genomic data from 37 specimens representing 11 species to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree for Gerbillus, applying concatenation and coalescence methods. We identified four highly supported clades corresponding to the traditionally recognized subgenera: Dipodillus, Gerbillus, Hendecapleura and Monodia. Only two uncertain branches were detected in the resulting trees, with one leading to diversification of the main lineages in the genus, recognized by quartet sampling analysis as uncertain due to possible introgression. We also examined species boundaries for four pairs of sister taxa, including potentially new species from Morocco, using SNAPP. The results strongly supported a speciation model in which all taxa are treated as separate species. The dating analyses confirmed the Plio-Pleistocene diversification of the genus, with the uncertain branch coinciding with the beginning of aridification of the Sahara at the the PlioPleistocene boundary. This study aligns well with the earlier analyses based on the cyt-b marker, reaffirming its suitability as an adequate marker for estimating genetic diversity in Gerbillus.

Abstract

Lesions can affect skin functions and cause a simple issue, such as dehydration, or more challenging complications, such as bacterial infections. The purpose of this study was to design composites for topical application that can prevent and/or assist in bacterial infections and support cell regeneration using natural components. A polyphenolic extract obtained from Salvia officinalis was embedded in functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for better stability, followed by their distribution into a collagen porous scaffold. The resulting polyphenols-loaded MSN exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity and good cytocompatibility. Improved thermal stability of the collagen porous scaffold was obtained due to the presence of the functionalized MSN. For the first time, collagen-polyphenols-loaded silica composites were reported in the literature as potential wound dressings. The newly developed composites showed excellent sterility.

Abstract

The modernization of official statistics involves the use of new data sources, such as data collected through remote sensing. The document contains a description of how an urban green index, derived from the SDG 11.7 objective, was obtained for Romania's 41 county seat cities based on free data sets collected by remote sensing from the European and North American space agencies. The main result is represented by an estimate of the areas of surfaces covered with vegetation for the 40 county seat towns and the municipality of Bucharest, relative to the total surface. To estimate the area covered with vegetation, we used two data sets obtained by remote sensing, namely data provided by the MODIS mission, the TERRA satellite, and data provided by the Sentinel 2 mission from the Copernicus space program. Based on the results obtained, namely the surface area covered with vegetation, estimated in square kilometers, and the percentage of the total surface area or urban green index, we have created a national top of the county seat cities.

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study the applications of enzymes, as ecological alternatives in the leather industry. The research proposes to create ecologic leathers/furs with additional functions (non-toxic, with high-quality of soft, well-degreased surfaces) through the use of original enzyme-based biotechnologies, as new additives for leather/fur processing intended for everyday use. Another application of the enzymes studied in this paper is the development of a novel technology based on enzymes and membrane technique, for purifying wastewaters from the leather industry. We selected and analytically characterized lipases, proteases, and also new enzymes: lysozyme, tryptophan deaminase for use in leather industry. The goal was to obtain leathers/furs for everyday use, with high-performance characteristics, by processing them with enzymes - as new additives that have not been used so far in the leather industry as an alternative to the use of potentially polluting chemical materials. Complex and original technologies of ecological bioprocessing of leather/furs were used. The innovation consists in developing new biotechnologies for leather/fur with enzymatic additives in order to achieve ecologic leathers or fur articles. These biotechnologies provided advanced performances for surface quality: intense and bright colors, soft, well-degreased, and resistant to abrasion and water. © 2023, Inst. Nat. Cercetare-Dezvoltare Text. Pielarie. All rights reserved.

Abstract

New bioemulsions were created using biotechnologies based on lavender extract (oil) and two surfactants: Tween® 20 and Tween® 80 mixture: E1 – lavender oil/Tween® 20/water; E2 – lavender oil/ Tween® 80/water; E3 – lavender oil/Tween® 20 and Tween® 80 (ratio 1:1)/water, for different concentrations (28.56%, 7.14%) of lavender oil, in order to improve surface properties with applications in leather industry. More concentrated emulsions with oil lavender (28.56%) were marked E1c, E2c, E3c. In the process of finishing the leathers by spraying with six types of emulsions obtained compared to an untreated leather, the aim was to improve the antifungal, antimicrobial properties as well as the softness, appearance of the leathers. The order of introducing components in the developed biotechnologies, the working conditions, and especially the choice of the concentration of surfactants >CMC, are essential in the solubilization of vegetable oils and obtaining the desired bioemulsions. Comparatively, bioemulsions were made for the version with two surfactants, but instead of lavender, immortelle was introduced, resulting in emulsions: Lemulsion, Iemulsion. The bioemulsions and leathers processed with them were analyzed by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, DLS and microbiological tests. It can be seen that the leather with the largest amount of lavender after processing with concentrated emulsions is E3c (having the highest intensity over the entire spectral range) and the maximum absorption specific to lavender oil was found. The lavender oil is fixed better on the leathers than the immortelle oil, with the new bioemulsions created. © 2023 by the author(s).

Abstract

This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) strains isolated from the clinical and aquatic environment. Three types of Ag NPs were investigated for their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties on a total number of 132 AB strains isolated in the same temporal sequence from intra-hospital infections (IHIs), wastewater (WW), and surface water (SW) samples between 2019 and 2022 from different Romanian locations and characterized at the phenotypic and genotypic levels. The comparative analysis of the antimicrobial resistance (AR) profiles according to the isolation source and the geographical location demonstrated a decrease in MDR level in AB recovered from WW samples in 2022 from north-eastern/central/southern regions (N-E/C-W/analyzed strains S): 87.5/60/32.5%. The AB strains were lecithinase, caseinase, amylase, and lipase producers, had variable biofilm formation ability, and belonged to six genotypes associated with the presence of different virulence genes (ompA, csuE, bap, and bfmS). The Ag NPs synthesized with the solvothermal method exhibited an inhibitory effect on microbial growth, the adherence capacity to the inert substratum, and on the production of soluble virulence factors. We report here the first description of a powerful antibacterial agent against MDR AB strains circulating between hospitals and anthropically polluted water in Romania. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

New structured emulsions were obtained by innovative technologies based on sea buckthorn extract (oil) and two surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate and Tween® 80 mixture: Es – sea buckthorn oil/sodium dodecyl sulfate/water; Et – sea buckthorn oil/Tween® 80/water; Est – sea buckthorn oil/sodium dodecyl sulfate and Tween® 80 (ratio 1:1)/water, for different concentrations of sea buckthorn extract oil, in order to improve surface properties with applications in leather industry. Sea buckthorn extract (oil) has a strong antimicrobial and antifungal effect due to its content in: vitamins C and E, phytosterols, fatty acids, antioxidants and amino acids. The order of introduction of the components in innovative technologies, the working conditions and especially the choice of the concentration of surfactants >CMC, are essential in the solubilization of sea buckthorn oil and in obtaining the structured emulsions. The emulsions were characterized by optical microscopy with sea buckthorn oil at 23-50°C. The changes in the aggregation process were observed for each type of emulsion, the influence of temperature and the solubilization of sea buckthorn oil. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) for the emulsions showed the stability, concentration, particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential. The antimicrobial properties were analyzed by microbiological tests. FTIR measurements highlighted the interaction mechanism of surfactants with sea buckthorn oil from the structured emulsions. The leather samples were microbiologically tested, and antimicrobial and antifungal effects were observed. The new structured emulsions are original due to the successful inclusion of sea buckthorn extract (oil) with high potential for improved surface properties with applications in the leather industry. © 2023 by the author(s).

Abstract

Introduction: Cannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices. Objective: The article aims to review the literature on the application of GC-based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023. Methodology: A thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded. Results: Since the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and GC–flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC-MS and GC-MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre-analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols. Conclusions: GC-based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC-MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

Background: Milk thistle is one of the most popular hepatoprotectants, and is often sold in combination with other ingredients. Botanical supplements are known to be vulnerable to contamination and adulteration, and emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control. Methods: Untargeted and semi-targeted metabolomics based on UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS techniques, UV spectrometry, and DNA metabarcoding using Illumina MiSeq were used to authenticate eighteen milk thistle botanical formulations (teas, capsules, tablets, emulsion). Results: Untargeted metabolomics separated 217 molecules and by multivariate analysis the discrimination between the different preparations was established. The semi-targeted metabolomics focused on 63 phytochemicals, mainly silymarin flavonolignans and flavonoids, that may be considered as putative biomarkers of authenticity. All formulations contained molecules from silymarin complexes at different levels. The quantitative evaluation of silybins was done using in parallel UV spectrometry and UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS and their correlations were compared. DNA metabarcoding detected milk thistle in eleven out of sixteen retained preparations, whereas two others had incomplete evidence of milk thistle despite metabolomics validating specific metabolites, e.g., silymarin complex, identified and quantified in all samples. Meanwhile, the DNA metabarcoding provided insights into the total species composition allowing the interpretation of the results in a broad context. Conclusion: Our study emphasizes that combining spectroscopic, chromatographic, and genetic techniques bring complementary information to guarantee the quality of the botanical formulations. © 2023, The Author(s).

Abstract

One of the major challenges of the sustainable agri-food system around the world is the prevention of losses and waste along the value chains. As global demand for food, feed and fuel is rising there is a need for innovative strategies to improve resource efficiency in food production. Bioeconomic approaches focus on developing processes that exploit underutilized by-products from agricultural and horticultural food production. The horticultural sector is all the more affected because fresh produce in this sector is highly perishable and also contains inedible parts. In this sense, in order to evaluate the feasibility of the bioeconomy’s potential to meet these problems, the present study will present a bibliometric analysis of research for the superior processing of waste and horticultural by-products with practical applications such as the bioremediation of pollutants, the production of renewable energy, bioactive compounds, biofertilizers. © 2023, Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti. All rights reserved.

Abstract

BackgroundMicrosatellite primers were developed and tested to genotype several populations of Carex curvula s. l. (Cyperaceae), in order to infer the phylogeographic relationships of the populations within species and the boundaries between the two described subspecies: C. curvula subsp. curvula and C. curvula subsp. rosae.Methods and resultsCandidate microsatellite loci were isolated based on next-generation sequencing. We tested 18 markers for polymorphism and replicability in seven C. curvula s. l. populations and identified 13 polymorphic loci with dinucleotide repeats. Genotyping results showed the total number of alleles per locus varied from four to 23 (including both infrataxa), and the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.1 to 0.82 and 0.219 to 0.711, respectively. Furthermore, the NJ tree showed a clear separation between C. curvula subsp. curvula and C. curvula subsp. rosae.ConclusionThe development of these highly polymorphic markers proved to be very efficient not only in delineating between the two subspecies, but also in genetic discriminating at population level within each infrataxon. They are promising tools for evolutionary studies in Cariceae section, as well as in providing knowledge on patterns of the species phylogeography.

Abstract

In recent years, silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles have drawn increasing attention due to their potential to enhance plant tolerance to various stresses by modulating physiological and biochemical processes. Salinity is an important abiotic stress with a harmful impact on crop growth and productivity. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of silicon dioxide (SiO2) addition on milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) under salinity stress. Thus, individual and combined effects of the application of sodium chloride (NaCl, 50 and 100 mM) and SiO2 particles (0.1 mM) on some physiological and oxidative stress parameters, such as growth variables, photosynthetic pigments and soluble protein contents, the levels of an oxidative stress biomarker (malondialdehyde), and the specific activity of several antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The results revealed that salt stress (100 mM) inhibited plant growth and decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, whereas the added SiO2 partially mitigated these negative effects. In addition, the 100 mM NaCl treatment significantly increased peroxidise (POD) activity and decreased soluble protein content after 22 days, while no significant differences were found for group subjected to salt stress in the presence of SiO2. Results suggest that application of SiO2 on salt-stressed milk thistle may modify the seedling metabolism and increase the plant salt tolerance capacity.

Abstract

Background and Aims Studying trait variability and restricted gene flow between populations of species can reveal species dynamics. Peripheral populations commonly exhibit lower genetic diversity and trait variability due to isolation and ecological marginality, unlike central populations experiencing gene flow and optimal conditions. This study focused on Carex curvula, the dominant species in alpine acidic meadows of European mountain regions. The species is sparser in dry areas such as the Pyrenees and Balkans, compared to the Central-Eastern Alps and Carpathians. We hypothesized that distinct population groups could be identified based on their mean functional trait values and their correlation with the environment; we predicted that ecologically marginal populations would have stronger trait correlations, lower within-population trait variability (intraspecific trait variability, ITV) and lower genetic diversity than populations of optimal habitats. Methods Sampling was conducted in 34 populations that spanned the entire distribution range of C. curvula. We used hierarchical clustering to identify emergent functional groups of populations, defined by combinations of multiple traits associated with nutrient economy and drought tolerance (e.g. specific leaf area, anatomy). We contrasted the geographical distribution of these groups in relation to environment and genetic structure. We compared pairwise trait relationships, within-population trait variation (ITV) and neutral genetic diversity between groups. Key Results Our study identified emergent functional groups of populations. Those in the southernmost ranges, specifically the Pyrenees and Balkan region, showed drought-tolerant trait syndromes and correlated with indicators of limited water availability. While we noted a decline in population genetic diversity, we did not observe any significant changes in ITV in ecologically marginal (peripheral) populations. Conclusions Our research exemplifies the relationship between ecological marginality and geographical peripherality, which in this case study is linked to genetic depauperation but not to reduced ITV. Understanding these relationships is crucial for understanding the biogeographical factors shaping trait variation.

Abstract

Human activities cause substantial changes in biodiversity.1,2 Despite ongoing concern about the implications of invertebrate decline,3-7 few empirical studies have examined the ecosystem consequences of invertebrate biomass loss. Here, we test the responses of six ecosystem services informed by 30 above-and belowground ecosystem variables to three levels of aboveground (i.e., vegetation associated) invertebrate community biomass (100%, 36%, and 0% of ambient biomass) in experimental grassland mesocosms in a controlled Ecotron facility. In line with recent reports on invertebrate biomass loss over the last decade, our 36% biomass treatment also represented a decrease in invertebrate abundance (-70%) and richness (-44%). Moreover, we simulated the pronounced change in invertebrate biomass and turnover in community composition across the season. We found that the loss of invertebrate biomass decreases ecosystem multi -functionality, including two critical ecosystem services, aboveground pest control and belowground decomposition, while harvested plant biomass increases, likely because less energy was channeled up the food chain. Moreover, communities and ecosystem functions become decoupled with a lower biomass of invertebrates. Our study shows that invertebrate loss threatens the integrity of grasslands by decoupling ecosystem processes and decreasing ecosystem-service supply.

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as the primary and most common cause of dementia in the middle-aged and elderly population worldwide. Chemical analyses of B. pendula leaf extract (BPE), performed using spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods (LC/MS), revealed high amounts of polyphenol carboxylic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, trans-p-coumaric, ferulic, and salicylic acids), as well as flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin, hyperoside, quercetin, and quercitrin). Four groups of Wistar rats were used in this experiment (n = 7/group): control (untreated), A beta(1-42) (2 mu g/rat intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.), A beta(1-42) + BPE (200 mg/Kg b.w.), and DMSO (10 mu L/rat). On the first day, one dose of A beta(1-42) was intracerebroventricularly administered to animals in groups 2 and 3. Subsequently, BPE was orally administered for the next 15 days to group 3. On the 16th day, behavioral tests were performed. Biomarkers of brain oxidative stress Malondialdehyde (MDA), (Peroxidase (PRx), Catalase (CAT), and Superoxid dismutase (SOD) and inflammation (cytokines: tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2)) in plasma and hippocampus homogenates were assessed. Various protein expressions (Phospho-Tau (Ser404) (pTau Ser 404), Phospho-Tau (Ser396) (pTau Ser 396), synaptophysin, and the Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) signaling pathway) were analyzed using Western blot and immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus. The results show that BPE diminished lipid peroxidation and neuroinflammation, modulated specific protein expression, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and improved spontaneous alternation behavior, suggesting that it has beneficial effects in AD.

Abstract

Background The extremely halophilic archaeon Haloferax (Hfx.) alexandrinus DSM 27206 T was previously documented for the ability to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles while mechanisms underlying its silver tolerance were overlooked. In the current study, we aimed to assess the transcriptional response of this haloarchaeon to varying concentrations of silver, seeking a comprehensive understanding of the molecular determinants underpinning its heavy metal tolerance.Results The growth curves confirmed the capacity of Hfx. alexandrinus to surmount silver stress, while the SEM-EDS analysis illustrated the presence of silver nanoparticles in cultures exposed to 0.5 mM silver nitrate. The RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis of Hfx. alexandrinus cells exposed to 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mM silver nitrate revealed the differential expression of multiple sets of genes potentially employed in heavy-metal stress response, genes mostly related to metal transporters, basic metabolism, oxidative stress response and cellular motility. The RT-qPCR analysis of selected transcripts was conducted to verify and validate the generated RNA-Seq data.Conclusions Our results indicated that copA, encoding the copper ATPase, is essential for the survival of Hfx. alexandrinus cells in silver-containing saline media. The silver-exposed cultures underwent several metabolic adjustments that enabled the activation of enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response and impairment of the cellular movement capacity. To our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive analysis of gene expression in halophillic archaea facing increased levels of heavy metals.

Abstract

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing worldwide, but its effects on the soil system have not yet been investigated. We tested the influence of experimental manipulation of ALAN on two taxa of soil communities (microorganisms and soil nematodes) and three aspects of soil functioning (soil basal respiration, soil microbial biomass and carbon use efficiency) over four and a half months in a highly controlled Ecotron facility. We show that during peak plant biomass, increasing ALAN reduced plant biomass and was also associated with decreased soil water content. This further reduced soil respiration under high ALAN at peak plant biomass, but microbial communities maintained stable biomass across different levels of ALAN and times, demonstrating higher microbial carbon use efficiency under high ALAN. While ALAN did not affect microbial community structure, the abundance of plant-feeding nematodes increased and there was homogenization of nematode communities under higher levels of ALAN, indicating that soil communities may be more vulnerable to additional disturbances at high ALAN. In summary, the effects of ALAN reach into the soil system by altering soil communities and ecosystem functions, and these effects are mediated by changes in plant productivity and soil water content at peak plant biomass.This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.

Abstract

Background and Aims Studying the relationship between phenotypic and genetic variation in populations distributed across environmental gradients can help us to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes involved in population divergence. We investigated the patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity in the European crabapple, Malus sylvestris, a wild relative of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) that occurs naturally across Europe in areas subjected to different climatic conditions, to test for divergence among populations. Methods Growth rates and traits related to carbon uptake in seedlings collected across Europe were measured in controlled conditions and associated with the genetic status of the seedlings, which was assessed using 13 microsatellite loci and the Bayesian clustering method. Isolation-by-distance, isolation-by-climate and isolation-by-adaptation patterns, which can explain genetic and phenotypic differentiation among M. sylvestris populations, were also tested. Key Results A total of 11.6 % of seedlings were introgressed by M. domestica, indicating that crop-wild gene flow is ongoing in Europe. The remaining seedlings (88.4 %) belonged to seven M. sylvestris populations. Significant phenotypic trait variation among M. sylvestris populations was observed. We did not observe significant isolation by adaptation; however, the significant association between genetic variation and the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum suggests that there has been local adaptation of M. sylvestris to past climates. Conclusions This study provides insight into the phenotypic and genetic differentiation among populations of a wild relative of the cultivated apple. This might help us to make better use of its diversity and provide options for mitigating the impact of climate change on the cultivated apple through breeding.

Abstract

Odd ploidy-level cytotypes in sexually reproducing species are considered a dead end due to absent or reduced fertility. If sterility is only partial, however, their contribution to the population gene pool can be augmented by longevity and clonal growth. To test this, we investigated the cytotype origin and spatial pattern, and pollen viability in three relict shrub species of the genus Daphne (Thymelaeaceae Juss.) in central Europe. Daphne cneorum subsp. cneorum is a widespread European species that has a broad ecological amplitude, whereas D. cneorum subsp. arbusculoides and D. arbuscula are narrow endemics of the western Pannonian Plain and the Western Carpathians, respectively. Our study confirmed that all three taxa are diploid. However, of more than a thousand analysed individuals of D. cneorum subsp. cneorum, five in four different populations were triploid. Our data indicate that these triploids most likely originate from recurrent autopolyploidization events caused by the fusion of reduced and unreduced gametes. High pollen viability was observed in all three taxa and in both diploid and triploid cytotypes, ranging from 65 to 100 %. Our study highlights the significant role of odd ploidy-level cytotypes in interploidy gene flow, calling for more research into their reproduction, genetic variability, and overall fitness. Interestingly, while the endemic D. arbuscula differs from D. cneorum based on genetic and genome size data, D. cneorum subsp. arbusculoides was indistinguishable from D. cneorum subsp. cneorum. However, our study reveals that the subspecies differ in the number of flowers per inflorescence. This is the first comprehensive cytogeographic study of this intriguing genus at a regional scale, and in spite of its karyological stability, it contributes to our understanding of genomic evolution in plant species with a wide ecological amplitude. The presented study sheds light on the emergence of odd-ploidy cytotypes in diploid species, specifically in long-lived relic shrubs from the genus Daphne (Thymeleaceae). Rare odd-ploidy cytotypes are generally considered maladaptive in sexual diploid species due to reduced fitness and fertility. However, our research revealed the independent and recurring evolution of triploid cytotypes, most likely arising via the fusion of reduced and unreduced gametes in exclusively diploid systems and exhibiting significant pollen fertility. Their even partial pollen fertility, especially, in the context of their longevity, can contribute to a more diverse gene pool in their parental diploid populations or even to the spontaneous emergence of new cytotypes. Additionally, we demonstrated that although Daphne cneorum exhibits a large ecological amplitude, spanning various bedrock substrates and altitudinal ranges, its diploid genomes remain highly stable with no ecologically driven genome size expansions or reductions, as previously observed in many species with large ecological amplitudes.

Abstract

In recent years, phytofunctionalized AgNPs have attracted great interest due to their remarkable biological activities. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesized using Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris bark extracts. The chemical profile of these bark extracts was analyzed by LC-HRMS/MS. As a first step, the synthesis parameters (pH, AgNO3 concentration, ratio of bark extract and AgNO3, temperature, and reaction time) were optimized. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, DLS, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties were evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, MTT, and broth microdilution assays, respectively. Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris bark extract-derived AgNPs were well-dispersed, spherical, small (average particle size of 9.92 and 24.49 nm, respectively), stable (zeta potential values of -10.9 and -10.8 mV, respectively), and cytotoxic to A-375 human malignant melanoma cells (IC50 = 2.40 +/- 0.21 and 6.02 +/- 0.61 mu g/mL, respectively). The phytosynthesized AgNPs also showed antioxidant and antibacterial effects.

Abstract

1. Insect herbivory is a key process in ecosystem functioning. While theory predicts that plant diversity modulates herbivory, the mechanistic links remain unclear. We postulated that the plant metabolome mechanistically links plant diversity and herbivory. 2. In late summer and in spring, we assessed individual plant above-ground herbivory rates and metabolomes of seven plant species in experimental plant communities varying in plant species diversity and resource acquisition strategies. In the same communities, we also measured plant individual biomass as well as soil microbial and nematode community composition. 3. Herbivory rates decreased with increasing plant species richness. Path modelling revealed that plant species richness and community resource acquisition strategy correlated with soil community composition. In particular, changes in nematode community composition were related to plant metabolome composition and thereby herbivory rates. 4. Synthesis. These results suggest that soil community composition plays an important role in reducing herbivory rates with increasing plant diversity by changing plant metabolomes.

Abstract

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications in clinical diagnosis and spectral pathology are increasing due to the potential of the technique to bio-barcode incipient and differential diseases via real-time monitoring of biomarkers in fluids and in real-time via biomolecular fingerprinting. Additionally, the rapid advancements in micro/nanotechnology have a visible influence in all aspects of science and life. The miniaturization and enhanced properties of materials at the micro/nanoscale transcended the confines of the laboratory and are revolutionizing domains such as electronics, optics, medicine, and environmental science. The societal and technological impact of SERS biosensing by using semiconductor-based nanostructured smart substrates will be huge once minor technical pitfalls are solved. Herein, challenges in clinical routine testing are addressed in order to understand the context of how SERS can perform in real, in vivo sampling and bioassays for early neurodegenerative disease (ND) diagnosis. The main interest in translating SERS into clinical practice is reinforced by the practical advantages: portability of the designed setups, versatility in using nanomaterials of various matter and costs, readiness, and reliability. As we will present in this review, in the frame of technology readiness levels (TRL), the current maturity reached by semiconductor-based SERS biosensors, in particular that of zinc oxide (ZnO)-based hybrid SERS substrates, is situated at the development level TRL 6 (out of 9 levels). Three-dimensional, multilayered SERS substrates that provide additional plasmonic hot spots in the z-axis are of key importance in designing highly performant SERS biosensors for the detection of ND biomarkers.

Abstract

Alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide (CPA) are commonly used in cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapies for different types of diseases. One of the main secondary effects of such therapy is the reduction in follicular reserve, targeting the primordial follicles. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and protective effects of Plantago sempervirens extract on the follicular pool. The experiment was performed on Wistar female rats, for 21 days. They were divided into five groups according to the treatment they received (Control, CPA (200 mg/kg BW), P. sempervirens extract in three different doses-25/50/100 dw/mL ethanol extract (5 mL/kg BW)). The investigations regarded enzymatic and non-enzymatic nitro-oxidative stress, hormone levels (FSH and estrogen), TEM sections of the ovaries, and oestrus cycle monitorization. CPA strongly increased the oxidative stress (TOS-32.8 mmol H2O2/L; NO-68.60 mu mol/L; OSI-6.82), alongside a depletion of FSH and a blockage of the oestrus cycle in the metestrus phase. The follicular pool was strongly depleted during CPA exposure, but FSH concentration and the TEM images of the cells revealed a significant improvement after treatment, as the dose increases (P3). Therefore, these findings reveal that P. sempervirens therapy could have a potential protective effect against CPA-induced acute damages in the ovaries, as well as maintaining a functional oestrus cycle.

Abstract

The morphological ontogeny of Eubelba danubedeltaica sp. nov. is described and illustrated. The adult of E. danubedeltaica is most similar to E. sculpta (Mihelcic, 1957) which differs from E. danubedeltaica by the presence of tubercle E2p, slightly longer seta c1 and leg IV, and thicker and clearly barbed epimeral, genital, aggenital and anal setae whereas in E. danubedeltaica tubercle E2p is absent and these setae are thinner and most are smooth, except for finely barbed genital and anal setae that are clearly visible at a high SEM magnification. In the juveniles of E. danubedeltaica, most prodorsal setae are of medium size, except for short seta in in the nymphs and very long setiform bothridial seta which are strongly curved in the distal part. Most gastronotal setae of juveniles are long, or very long, except for medium-sized c3, la, lm and h2, and short h3 in the larva, and medium-sized c3 and p2 in nymphs. The nymphs are quadrideficient and eupheredermous, i.e. they have lost the d-series setae and carry the exuvial scalps of previous instars using a cornicle located between setal pair h3. In all juveniles, the famulus e on tarsus I is sunken but is emergent in the adult. Seta d accompanies solenidion & sigma; on genua I-III and & phi; on tibiae II-IV.

Abstract

Iron dysmetabolism affects a great proportion of heart failure patients, while chronic hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for heart failure and death in industrialized countries. Serum data from reduced ejection fraction heart failure patients show a relative or absolute iron deficiency, whereas cellular myocardial analyses field equivocal data. An observed increase in organellar iron deposits was incriminated to cause reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. Therefore, we studied the effects of iron chelation on a rat model of cardiac hypertrophy. Suprarenal abdominal aortic constriction was achieved surgically, with a period of nine weeks to accommodate the development of chronic pressure overload. Next, deferiprone (100 mg/kg/day), a lipid-permeable iron chelator, was administered for two weeks. Pressure overload resulted in increased inflammation, fibrotic remodeling, lipid peroxidation, left ventricular hypertrophy and mitochondrial iron derangements. Deferiprone reduced cardiac inflammation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial iron levels, and hypertrophy, without affecting circulating iron levels or ejection fraction. In conclusion, metallic molecules may pose ambivalent effects within the cardiovascular system, with beneficial effects of iron redistribution, chiefly in the mitochondria.

Abstract

Oxidative stress is linked to a series of diseases; therefore, the development of efficient antioxidants might be beneficial in preventing or ameliorating these conditions. Based on the structure of a previously reported compound with good antioxidant properties and on computational studies, we designed several catechol derivatives with enhanced antioxidant potential. The compounds were synthesized and physicochemically characterized, and their antioxidant activity was assessed through different antiradical, electron transfer and metal ions chelation assays, their electrochemical behavior and cytotoxicity were studied. The results obtained in the in vitro experiments correlated very well with the in silico studies; all final compounds presented very good antioxidant properties, generally superior to those of the reference compounds used. Similarly, the results obtained from studying the compounds' electrochemical behavior were in good agreement with the results of the antioxidant activity evaluation assays. Regarding the compounds' cytotoxicity, compound 7b had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect against all cell lines. In conclusion, through computer-aided design, we developed several catechol thiazolyl-hydrazones with excellent antioxidant properties, of which compound 7b, with two catechol moieties in its structure, exhibited the best antioxidant activity.

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the morphological, cytogenetic and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings as affected by seed exposure to a proton beam at the Bragg peak. The average energy of the proton beam was of 171 MeV at the entrance into the irradiator room while at the point of sample irradiation the beam energy was of 150 MeV, with the average value of the Linear Energy Transfer of 0.539 keV/mu m and the dose rate of 0.55 Gy/min, the radiation doses being of the order of tens of Gy. Cytogenetic investigation has revealed the remarkable diminution of the mitotic index as linear dose-response curve as well as the spectacular linear increase of the aberration index. Analyzing some biometric parameters, it was found that neither dry matter nor water content of wheat seedlings was influenced by proton beam exposure. Studying the biochemical parameters related to the antioxidant defense system, we found that the irradiation caused the slight increasing tendency of peroxidase activity as well as the decreasing trend in the activity of superoxidedismutase in the seedlings grown from the irradiated seeds. The level of malonedialdehyde (MDA) and total polyphenols showed an increasing tendency in all seedling variants corresponding to irradiated seeds, compared to the control. We conclude that the irradiation clearly induced dose-response curves at the level of cytogenetic parameters together with relatively slight variation tendency of some biochemical parameters related to the antioxidant defense system while imperceptible changes could be noticed in the biometric parameters.

Abstract

Karst aquifers are important water resources for drinking water supplies worldwide. Although they are susceptible to anthropogenic contamination due to their high permeability, there is a lack of detailed knowledge on the stable core microbiome and how contamination may affect these communities. In this study, eight karst springs (distributed across three different regions in Romania) were sampled seasonally for one year. The core microbiota was analysed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. To identify bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic ele-ments, an innovative method was applied, consisting of high-throughput antibiotic resistance gene quantification per-formed on potential pathogen colonies cultivated on Compact DryTM plates. A taxonomically stable bacterial community consisting of Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota was revealed. Core analysis reaffirmed these results and revealed primarily freshwater-dwelling, psychrophilic/psychrotolerant species affiliated to Rhodoferax, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas genera. Both sequencing and cultivation methods indicated that more than half of the springs were contaminated with faecal bacteria and pathogens. These samples contained high levels of sulfonamide, macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramins B, and trimethoprim resistance genes spread primarily by transposase and insertion sequences. Differential abundance analysis found Synergistota, Mycoplasmatota, and Chlamydiota as suitable candidates for pollution monitoring in karst springs. This is the first study highlighting the ap-plicability of a combined approach based on high-throughput SmartChipTM antibiotic resistance gene quantification and Compact Dry-pathogen cultivation for estimating microbial contaminants in karst springs and other challenging low biomass environments.

Abstract

No information currently exists on the floristic structure and richness of the Artemisia alba scrubs in Romania and their regional/local environmental drivers. We aimed to fill these knowledge gaps by also considering physiognomically similar communities from Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria. A total of 89 phytosociological releves, including 43 performed in Romania, were analysed through clustering, constrained ordination and generalised linear mixed models. The Carpathian and Pontic scrubs were clustered into three distinct groups, which were assigned to as many new syntaxa. Differences in the regional species pool and elevation have the strongest effects on floristic dissimilarities between all studied communities. As opposed to the bare soil fraction, the elevation and slope have positive but no singular effects on species richness in the Pontic-Carpathian coenoses. Species diversity declines steadily with increasing shrub cover in all these communities. The relative cover of annuals has contrasting effects on species richness, positive in the most xerophilous communities and negative in their most mesophilous counterparts. The relative number of annuals is only (negatively) related to overall species richness in the coenoses least affected by moisture deficit. Overall, species diversity is driven mainly by soil water availability and, to a lesser extent, by the relative abundance of shrubs and annuals.

Abstract

The Carpathians represent not only a European hotspot of plant diversity for both species richness and endemism, but also an important stepping-stone area in historical migrations between the flora of the Asian and European mountain systems and a starting point of postglacial recolonizations for many species. Yet, until recent years, phylogeographical studies for alpine or arctic-alpine plants were focused on the Alps, whereas peripheral mountain ranges, including the Carpathians, were either neglected or insufficiently sampled. In this study, we aimed to complement the Alpine phylogeographic structure of an emblematic high-alpine European endemic taxon, Eritrichium nanum, by focusing on the Carpathian range of the species. We sampled nine populations from the South-Eastern Carpathians and performed ITS1 sequencing and AFLP fingerprinting. In case of ITS1 region, all the populations, no matter of their geographic origin, presented the same ribotype. The AFLP analysis indicated that, within the Carpathians, the extant populations of E. nanum comprised two major allopatric lineages. One important result of the research was the discovery that the species' sole important genetic break was located in the Southern Carpathians, separating populations of the Retezat Mountains from all the others in the Carpathians.

Abstract

The morphological ontogeny of Amerobelba decedens Berlese, 1908 is described and illustrated. In the adult of this species, the bothridial seta is setiform, unilaterally ciliate, notogastral setae are short and barbed, and sexual dimorphism is present on tarsus IV. Most prodorsal setae of juveniles are short and smooth, except for mediumsized ro, barbed in the nymphs. The bothridial seta is long, setiform and barbed in distal part. The gastronotal setae are of medium size and barbed, except for smooth c1 and c2 in all juveniles, and smooth of d-series and short h2 in the larva. Setae c1 and c2 are inserted on large macrosclerite, and other gastronotal setae are inserted on individual microsclerites, except for h2 in the larva. The anal and anogenital regions are reticulate, and adanal setae are inserted on individual microsclerites. The nymphs are quadrideficient and eupheredermous, i.e. they lose setae of d-series and carry the exuvial scalps of previous instars. In this species, seta d accompanies solenidion & sigma; on genu III and & phi; on tibia III and IV, both in the juveniles and adults. It is a xero-thermophilous species, with one generation per year.

Abstract

In Romania, phytoseiid mites was notified sporadically with the occasion of some ecological works referring to the whole Mesostigmata. Seven years of investigations carried out in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve led to the identification of 12 species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) namely Amblyseius merid-ionalis Berlese, A.obtusus (Koch) sensu Karg, A. terreus Kolodochka, Graminaseius graminis (Chant), Neoseiulus alpinus (Schweizer), N. cinctutus (Livshitz & Kuznetsov), N. extricatus (Kolodochka), N. tervus Meshkov, Proprioseiopsis messor (Wainstein), P. scurra (Wainstein & Beglyarov), Transeius macrospermathecus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) kerkirae Swirski & Ragusa. With the exception of A. meridionalis and A. obtusus the rest of the species are reported for the first time from Romania.

Abstract

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide has been investigated intensively for the development of new and improved varieties. Most of these technologies require efficient protocols for in vitro regeneration and propagation of plant material. In the present study, an efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration system for five Romanian tomato genotypes (cvs. 'Capriciu', 'Darsirius', 'Kristin', 'Pontica' and 'Siriana') has been established. The tomato genotypes were selected based on their horticultural and economically valuable traits. To study the in vitro morphogenic response, various explants, such as cotyledons, cotyledonary nodes, hypocotyls, leaf explants, internodes, stem nodes and apical buds have been selected. The highest efficiency in terms of direct shoot organogenesis was obtained in cv. 'Capriciu' (98% for apical buds and 94% for stem nodes) on culture media with zeatin and indole-3-butyric acid. One advantage of this regeneration procedure is beside its feasibility in handling, the high percentage of regenerated shoots and their rooting. The present protocol contributes to the existing information regarding the response of tomato cultivars to in vitro culture conditions.

Abstract

The Arieş River (Western Romania) represents one of the most important affluents of the Mureş River, with great significance in the Mureş Tisza basin. The environmental quality of the Arieş basin is significantly affected by both historic mining activities and contemporary impacts. Thus, an evaluation of the effects of the main contaminants found in water (organochlorine pesticides—OCPs, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—MAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—PAHs, and metals) on cyanobacteria and plants was performed. Among OCPs, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and derivatives were detected in plants while admissible concentrations were detected in water. Among MAHs, high levels of benzene were detected both in water and in plants. The levels of PAHs exceeded the allowable values in all samples. Increased concentrations of metals in water were found only at Baia de Arieş, but in plants, all metal concentrations were high. The pH, nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates, as well as metals, pesticides, and aromatic hydrocarbons, influenced the physiological characteristics of algae, test plants, and aquatic plants exposed to various compounds dissolved in water. Considering that the Arieş River basin is the site of intense past mining activities, these data provide information about the impact on water quality as a consequence of pollution events. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

Enterococcus faecium is emerging as an important cause of multidrug resistance and hospital acquired infections, special attention being paid to the vancomycin resistant species. Therefore, the characterization of pathogenic strains/isolates plays an important role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The enterococcal rate was determined from wastewaters in Cluj-Napoca area. As presence of E. faecium was detected, a number of isolates from wastewater, birds and humans were epidemiologically analyzed according to the MLST website. Comparisons were performed against a collection of available isolates, with multiple origins, contained in the MLST database. Out of the Enterococcus isolates collected from wastewater, 11 were identified as E. faecalis (40.74%); 8 as E. casseliflavus (29.62%); 5 as E. faecium (18.50%); 2 as E. gallinarum (7.40%) and one isolate as E. durans. Based on the MLST data and using the eBURST algorithm, the isolates of E. faecium sampled from Romania were split in three groups: one group comprised isolates from human hosts and wastewater (Cj316, 106/6, Cj197, Cj22, 129/6, Cj117, Cj24, 284/7, and 43/7), while the second (G9, G10-2, G7, G3-2, and G9-1) and the third group (G8, G6, and 40/7) originated from bird hosts. The rest of the isolates were not joined in a particular group, assuming the lack of a phylogenetic bond between these isolates. The obtained data suggested the existence of at least two phylogenetic lines of E. faecium in Romania: a line that had mainly human host prevalence, while in the other line the animal hosts dominated. © Articles by the authors; Licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Abstract

Microsatellite markers previously developed for other leguminous species were tested for cross-genus transferability and evaluated for their potential usefulness in providing an improved assessment of the genetic relationships between two closely related taxa belonging to Onobrychis genus (Fabaceae). Candidate microsatellite markers were tested for polymorphism and replicability in sixteen populations of O. montana DC. subsp. transsilvanica (Simonk.) Jáv. and O. montana. Out of the 23 SSRs, there were identified seven polymorphic loci. In total 32 alleles were detected and the number of alleles per locus varied from two to six. PIC values ranged from 0.375 to 0.6454, and four SSRs displayed a PIC > 0.5. Relative uniform rates of genetic diversity were obtained. In case of O. montana DC. subsp. transsilvanica (Simonk.) Jáv. the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.952 and from 0.219 to 0.525, respectively, while for O. montana ranged from 0.166 to 0.750 and from 0.083 to 0.375, respectively. Seven polymorphic SSRs with clear and reproducible amplification were identified. These markers proved to be very efficient for unambiguous population discrimination based on both geographic and taxonomic criteria. Hereafter, these SSR markers can be used as tools for evolutionary studies in Onobrychis genus, as well in providing knowledge on patterns of the species phylogeography. © Articles by the authors.

Abstract

Onobrychis montana DC. Subsp. transsilvanica (Simonk.) Jáv. (Fabaceae) is a plant taxon, endemic to the South-Eastern Carpathians, whose taxonomic status is treated inconsistently by the classic taxonomy based on morphological traits. In a previous study, by sequencing several chloroplast DNA regions and AFLP genotyping, we tried to elucidate the controversy concerning its taxonomic status in relation to the more widespread O. montana DC., and determined its phylogeographic structure within the Carpathians. The present study, based on DNA fingerprinting by seven SSR markers, brings more insights on this problematic taxon by conferring higher resolution and sub-clustering previously identified phylogeographic groups. However, the newly SSR genetic data are in agreement with molecular evidence revealed by AFLP and chloroplastic SNPs and do not support O. montana DC. Subsp. transsilvanica (Simonk.) Jáv. As a distinct species from O. montana DC. © 2023, Horticulture and Forestry Society from Transylvania. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Fritillaria orientalis Adams is an endangered central Balkan and Illyrian species with a sporadic presence in Romania, that has been declared a "Natural Monument". A new protected area of 22.18 ha located southwards to the village Berchieșu (Frata commune) is proposed for conserving the most important and abundant population of F. orientalis in Cluj county, the assessment based on available literature and personal observations in the field. For this reason, the area has special botanical value and needs to be legally protected in order to preserve this isolated population. This paper presents floristic data and vegetation characteristics along with relevant illustration of the proposed protected area. In order to easily distinguish F. orientalis from F. meleagris L., reported as well in the Cluj county, morphological, biometric and ecological differentiation characters are presented. Individual plants of F. orientalis from Berchieșu are characterized by a pronounced diversity regarding the height of flower stems and colour of perianth. Collection of flowers or whole plants, extension of cultivated land, improvised fireplaces near the forest edge, logging, fertilization of agricultural fields and motorized access threatens this population. Therefore, we propose a set of measures to assure its sustainable conservation and monitoring of the phytocoenoses to assess the effectiveness of protective actions. © 2023, Babes-Bolyai University, "Alexandru Borza" Botanic Garden. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera) is one of the most widespread and economically important perennial fruit crops in the world. Viticulture has changed over the years in response to changing environmental conditions and market demands, triggering the development of new and improved varieties to ensure the crop’s sustainability. The aim of this review is to provide a perspective on the recent developments in biotechnology and molecular biology and to establish the potential of these technologies for the genetic improvement of grapevine. The following aspects are discussed: (i) the importance of molecular marker-based methods for proper cultivar identification and how NGS-based high-throughput technologies have greatly benefited the development of genotyping techniques, trait mapping, and genomic selection; (ii) the recent advances in grapevine regeneration, genetic transformation, and genome editing, such as new breeding technology approaches for enhanced grapevine yield, quality improvement, and the selection of valuable varieties and cultivars. The specific problems and challenges linked to grapevine biotechnology, along with the importance of integrating classical and new technologies, are highlighted. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract

Two new Juniperus communis subsp. communis syntaxa from Romania are presented from floristic, ecological and syntaxonomic points of view, completing the picture of the European distribution area of these shrubby communities. The phytocoenoses of Thymio odoratissimi-Juniperetum communis ass. nova are present on calcareous substrates and are rich in continental Eurasian, meso-xerophilous species, for which reason we assigned it to alliance Brachypodio pinnati-Juniperion communis Mucina et al. 2016, and class Crataego-Prunetea Tx. 1962. The communities belonging to Vaccinio myrtilli-Juniperetum communis Kovács ex Filipaș et al. campanuletosum abietinae subass. nova occur on acidic substrates, crystalline schists and gresous formations, and are rich in acidophilous species, characteristic for the class Calluno-Ulicetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Klika et Hadač 1944. We assigned this new syntaxon to alliance Vaccinio-Juniperion communis Passage in Passage et G. Hoffman 1968 because of the high presence of Vaccinium species (V. myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea) in the sub-shrub layer of these phytocoenoses. © 2023, Babes-Bolyai University, "Alexandru Borza" Botanic Garden. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Sensitive and stable electrodes modified with 4-aminothiophenol were developed for heavy metal detection based on coordination bonds between thiol moieties and analyte. The electrodes were modified using diazonium chemistry in one step modification protocol. The presence of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in the electrodeposition media avoids the formation of multilayers and improves the performances due to low surface passivation and good electrochemical transfer at the interface with the solution. Electrodeposition of the organic layer on the electrode surface by chronopotentiometry allowed a good control of the electrode modification process, avoids passivation, and leads to reproducible layers with improved characteristics in comparison with modifications carried out by cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry. The electrode was able to detect Pb(II) by differential pulse voltammetry with a linear range of 2.5-400 mu g l(-1) and the detection limit of 1.2 mu g l(-1) and Cd(II) with the calibration line in the range of 2.5-400 mu g l(-1) and a detection limit of 1.5 mu g l(-1). Low interferences were observed and the electrodes were applied for analysis of real samples: fruits pomace and waters. (C) 2022 The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited.

Abstract

Abstract

Osteochondral structure reconstruction by tissue engineering, a challenge in regenerative medicine, requires a scaffold that ensures both articular cartilage and subchondral bone remodeling. Functional hydrogels and scaffolds present a strategy for the controlled delivery of signaling molecules (growth factors and therapeutic drugs) and are considered a promising therapeutic approach. Icariin is a pharmacologically-active small molecule of prenylated flavonol glycoside and the main bioactive flavonoid isolated from Epimedium spp. The in vitro and in vivo testing of icariin showed chondrogenic and ostseoinductive effects, comparable to bone morphogenetic proteins, and suggested its use as an alternative to growth factors, representing a low-cost, promising approach for osteochondral regeneration. This paper reviews the complex structure of the osteochondral tissue, underlining the main aspects of osteochondral defects and those specifically occurring in osteoarthritis. The significance of icariin's structure and the extraction methods were emphasized. Studies revealing the valuable chondrogenic and osteogenic effects of icariin for osteochondral restoration were also reviewed. The review highlighted th recent state-of-the-art related to hydrogels and scaffolds enriched with icariin developed as biocompatible materials for osteochondral regeneration strategies.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the main volatiles and polyphenolic compounds in hydrosols extracted from three Romanian Lamiaceae plants, sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) by steam distillation. The antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition capacity of hydrosols were assessed for their further use as biopesticides. The results have shown that sage and rosemary hydrosols presented better antioxidant activity than lavender hydrosol in all free radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. A strong relationship between the antioxidant activity of hydrosols' and their total phenolic and flavonoid content was found based on Pearson correlation coefficients. Sage and rosemary hydrosols exerted higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition than lavender hydrosol, but this activity was moderate correlated to phenolic content and low correlated to flavonoid content. These results suggested that volatiles and other compounds present in hydrosols were also involved in this process. In conclusion, Lamiaceae plant hydrosols could be further tested, as such or mixed, as natural products for the control of pests in eco-agrosystems.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the free radicals scavenging, inhibition of acetylhydrolase and antimicrobial activity of five mixtures of hydrolates obtained by hydrodistillation of Lamiaceae plants, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia. Chemical composition of hydrolates was analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for volatiles and UV-VIS spectrophotometry for total phenolic and flavonoid content. The results of free radicals scavenging and acetylhydrolase inhibition activity have shown improved effect of selected hydrolates mixtures, compared to individual hydrolates. The effect was in accordance to their polyphenolic content, indicating synergistic action of the combined biologic active compounds from different extracts of rosemary, sage and lavender. In turn, the antimicrobial activity of hydrolates mixtures was similar to that of individual hydrolates in Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Rhizoctonia solani cultures, revealing no synergistic effect of volatiles, as mainly responsible compounds. In conclusion, selected mixtures of aromatic plant hydrolates can provide added value to these by-products through further development of natural pesticide and/or fungicide products useful for the ecological crop protection.

Abstract

River restoration and biodiversity conservation programs require an in-depth knowledge of the influence that sediment composition and hydraulic stress have on invertebrate fauna composition and spatial distribution, as well as on nutrients cycling and food webs' structure and functionality. Compared to low-order streams, the traditional focus of river ecology, the knowledge of these ecosystem properties of the meanders developed along large, lowland watercourses, is currently insufficient. The present study assessed the ecological preferences and the trophic interactions of the benthic invertebrate communities inhabiting erosional and depositional banks developed within a meander of the River Danube flowing through its delta (Danube Delta, Romania). The invertebrates from two mesohabitats, the concave (i.e. erosional) and convex (i.e. depositional) banks developed in the apex region of the meander were sampled quantitatively and qualitatively, along with sediment samples for assessing the grain-size characteristics and hydrodynamic parameters (i.e., critical shear stress, the Reynolds number, the critical velocity and Shields parameter). For assessing their mesohabitat preferences, quantitative samples were taken from both banks, whereas for inferring the trophic interactions, stable isotopes of 815N and 813C were measured from qualitative samples, comprising both invertebrates and basal resources. The results showed that increased siltation with fine sediments in the depositional bank led to a community dominated by chironomids, oligochaetes and bivalves, whereas the opposite bank comprised crayfish, caddis fly larvae and amphipods with a preference for coarser sediments. The 813C of most consumers revealed that the dominant forms of carbon entries in the analysed food webs were photosynthetic based, whereas certain snails, chironomids and basal resources from the depositional bank were 13C depleted (813C: -35 to -39 %o). Such low ratios for 813C (mean < -35 %o) reflected the potential of carbon entry through the base of depositional food web as a result of methane oxidation at sediment-water interface (i.e. chemosynthesis), induced by the fine sediments deposition that could have favoured the methane production. Grazing methaneoxidising bacteria in the depositional meander bank could have provided the primary consumers with up to 50 % and the omnivores and predatory invertebrates with up to 30 % of their carbon, which could represent an important subsidy from an additional, chemosynthetic source. The impact of a supplementary carbon input was further reflected in increasing depositional food

Abstract

The present study focused on the ecological preferences of benthic macroinvertebrates regarding water flow and sediment characteristics in two submerged dunes from Danube Delta (Romania). Three hydraulic microhabitats, the stoss, trough and crest areas were sampled, along with measurements of water hydraulics, hydrology, sediment grain-size, and organic content. The results showed that the slope angles between stoss-crest and crest-trough areas are crucial in modulating local flows, sediment structure, organic content, macroinvertebrate communities, and taxonomic richness and density. As such, the stoss microhabitats are considered zones with the highest turbulence, hence driving low taxonomic richness and density compared to crest and trough microhabitats. When local environmental conditions in trough microhabitats allow the accretion of fine and organically enriched sediments, the development of maximum density for certain macroinvertebrates groups is reached. However, the benthic assemblages did not show clear preferences for certain microhabitats, suggesting ubiquitous ecologic traits, crucial for the successful colonisation of dynamic habitats, such as the submerged dunes in large rivers. The results of this study offer a better understanding on the abiotic factors driving the spatial preferences, density, and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in these understudied hydrogeomorphological units from large rivers.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the melissopalynology, physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven honey samples harvested from different geographical regions and climates of Romania. The melissopalynological analysis revealed that monofloral and multifloral samples contained a wide diversity of minor pollen types from Romanian flora. The moisture, pH and free acidity values were within international limit. HPLC analysis indicated high content of fructose and glucose and low content of sucrose. Bioactive compounds including proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were present in variable quantities, according to the botanical origin and geographical area. The highest phenolics and ascorbic acid content was in multifloral honeys from Crisana mountain and meadow and the extrafloral honeydew honey. The same honey samples have exerted free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The free radical scavenging activity was strongly correlated to phenolics and ascorbic acid content, while the antimicrobial activity was medium correlated only to phenolics content. In conclusion, the selected Romanian honey samples with best antioxidant and antimicrobial activity could be further tested for the development of novel biomedical products.

Abstract

Research background. Various protocols for enzymatic hydrolysis of fish by-products are increasingly tested to ensure value-added products with functional and biological properties important for food, cosmetic and medical applications. In addition, they attempt to minimize waste from industrial processing and environmental requirements. This study aims to establish an efficient protocol based on two-step enzymatic hydrolysis of freshwater fish skin and to evaluate the effect of resulting bioactive peptides on free radical scavenging, redox balance and regulation of fibroblast proliferation and migration. Experimental approach. Pepsin-soluble collagen extracted from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin was hydrolyzed by proteinase K at specific sites under controlled conditions. The molecular mass of ultrafiltration permeate was determined by gradient electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. The biological activity of intermediate and small size bioactive peptides was evaluated in experimental models in vitro mimicking oxidative stress and skin wound conditions. Results and conclusions. Extracted fish collagen was hydrolysed using proteinase K, the most efficient enzyme for the cleavage of the primary structure of the molecule, as previously found in silico. Established optimal conditions increased the enzyme specificity and the process yield. Bioactive peptides exerted significantly higher scavenging activity on free stable radicals and hydroxyl radicals often found in vivo, compared to fish collagen. They stimulated fibroblast metabolism in a dose-dependent manner and up-regulated cell migration in a scratch wound model. Pretreatment of fibroblasts with induced oxidative stress using optimal concentrations of fish peptides prevented the increase of reactive oxygen species production. In conclusion, bioactive peptides from carp skin demonstrated valuable properties of maintaining redox balance and skin wound healing process improvement, which indicated further potential applications in the development of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations. Novelty and scientific contribution. In this study the enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to isolated protein, in contrast to previous studies using waste tissue with variable composition. Recovered bioactive peptides acted not only as antioxidant agents, but also as regulators of oxidative stress and wound healing processes in skin cell models. Their nutritional and cosmetic application is recommended in novel formulations fighting skin ageing phenomena.

Abstract

Networks of evolutionary processors (NEP for short) form a class of models within the new computational paradigms inspired by biological phenomena. They are known to be theoretically capable of solving intractable problems. So far, there are two main categories that differ from each other by the nature of filtering process controlling the communication step: random-context clauses or polarization. Several studies have proven that both of them are computationally complete through efficient simulations of universal computational models such as Turing machines and 2-tag systems. Nevertheless, the indirect conversion between the two network variants results in an exponential increase of the computational complexity. In this paper, we suggest a direct simulation of polarized NEP through NEP with random-context filters which incurs in lower complexity costs.

Abstract

Few biosensors are reported for usage in combination with the organic solvent due to their negative impact on the enzymes. The usage of ternary water-organic solvent mixtures in combination with acetylcholinesterase biosensors allows to increase the useable total content of organic solvents with minimum negative effects to a higher content in comparison with a single organic solvent in water. The combination of acetonitrile/ethanol/ water has a smaller negative effect on both enzyme activity and inhibition by insecticides in comparison with acetonitrile/methanol/water mixtures. The insecticides were eluted from solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns with a binary mixture of organic solvents acetonitrile/ethanol in 1/3 ratio and subsequently analysed with an acetylcholinesterase biosensor and the optimum total content of organic solvents of 12%. The analytical method allows the analysis of complex samples with improved selectivity and at improved limits of detection for chlorpyrifos-oxon and carbofuran analysis in river waters and soil samples. The usage of mixtures of organic solvents in combination with enzymes is an interesting approach that allows working with a higher total content of organic solvents than each individual solvent.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to obtain biocomposites consisting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), bacterial cellulose (BC) and alpha-tocopherol by a melt processing technique for potential use in biomedical applications. The melt processing and roughness of biocomposites were evaluated and compared to sample without BC. The degradation rate of PHBV/BC biocomposites was measured in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) by determining the mass variation and evidencing of thermal and structural changes by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR). The cell viability, cell morphology, cell cycle distribution and total collagen content were investigated on murine NCTC fibroblasts. Overall, the adding of BC to polyester matrix led to an adequate melt processing of biocomposites and increased surface roughness and cytocompatibility, allowing the cells to secrete the extracellular matrix (collagen) and stimulate cell proliferation. Results showed that the PHBV/BC biocomposites were favorable for long-term degradation and could be used for the design of medical devices with controlled degradability.

Abstract

Finding innovative solutions to improve the lives of people affected by trauma, bone disease, or aging continues to be a challenge worldwide. Tissue engineering is the most rapidly growing area in the domain of biomaterials. Cerium-containing MBG-derived biomaterials scaffolds were synthesized using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a sacrificial template. The obtained scaffolds were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ce4+/Ce3+ ratio in the scaffolds was estimated. In vitro testing revealed good cytocompatibility of the investigated scaffolds in mouse fibroblast cell line (NCTC clone L929). The results obtained regarding bioactivity, antibacterial activity, and controlled drug delivery functions recommend these scaffolds as potential candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.

Abstract

Corrosion protective coatings were grown on pure magnesium in naturally carbonated mineral water containing Ca2+ using a simple, green conversion method. Dissolution of the native corrosion product, Mg(OH)2, mediates the surface nucleation of hydroxycarbonates. The pH increase due to CO2 degassing to atmospheric pressure leads to calcium carbonate nucleation and lateral growth by the incorporation of nanoparticles in a continuous layer of calcite -Ca(Mg)CO3- microcrystals. The coated surfaces have a much improved corrosion resistance in physiological fluids, measured by EIS, weight loss, corrosion rates and hydrogen release. Cell viability/ morphology assessment demonstrates that the coating is non-toxic and promotes the proliferation of osteoblastic cells.

Abstract

A red-emitting fluorescent Riboflavin (RF)/Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanoparticles system, lambda(em) = 527 nm, phi = 0.242, with a diameter of the metallic core of 27.33 nm and a zeta potential of - 25.05 mV was prepared and investigated regarding its biological activity. We found that PVP has a key role in RF adsorption around the SNPs surface leading to an enhancement of antioxidant properties (similar to 70%), low cytotoxicity (> 90% cell viability, at 50 mu L/mL, after 48 h of incubation) as well as to an efficient process of its cellular uptake (similar to 60%, after 24 h of incubation) in L929 cells. The results are relevant concerning the involvement of RF and its coenzymes forms in SNPs - based systems, in cellular respiration as well as for future studies as antioxidant marker system on tumoral cells for viewing and monitoring them, by cellular imaging.

Abstract

The influence of physicochemical parameters other than the nutrients load on the community structure of phyto- and zooplankton in lowland shallow lakes is still poorly understood. In this study we investigated the structure of the plankton community in Danube Delta (Romania) and the relationships with environmental variables. Among the 206 taxa observed, 33 species were dominant. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that incident light, lakes depth, surface area and water conductivity were of significant importance in controlling the variation in the structure of the plankton assemblages. The resulted models from averaging regression and cross-calibration predicted the main environmental parameters and allowed the selection of phyto and zooplankton species as potential biological indicators. Weighted averaging regression and cross-calibration generated useful models for predicting the main four investigated environmental parameters, which contribute to the selection of phyto- and zooplankton species as potential biological indicators.

Abstract

A facile, green synthesis methodology to obtain zinc oxide nanoparticles using three polysaccharide gums (Acacia gum, Guar gum and Xanthan gum) of biological origin was developed. Subsequently, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into a sustainable chitosan hydrogel matrix functionalized with propolis extract. This study has revealed that the selected polysaccharides as chelates represents a suitable approach to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles of particular interest with controlled morphology. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles using polysaccharide gums was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, SEM, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The rheological behaviour of obtained hydrogels was evaluated. The AFM studies demonstrate that all synthesized chitosan incorporated ZnO composites hydrogels functionalized with propolis extract exhibit corrugated topographies. The present study highlights the possible incorporation of various guest molecules into hydrogel matrix due to its tuneable morphologies. The obtained hydrogel composites were cytocompatible in L929 fibroblast cell culture, in a range of concentrations between 50 and 1000 mu g/mL, as assessed by MTT, LDH and Live/Dead double staining assays. By enhancing the biological properties, these novel green hydrogels show attractive superior performance in a wide concentration range to develop future in vivo suitable natural platforms as effective delivery systems of pharmacologic agents for biomedical applications.

Abstract

We introduce an accepting splicing system based on a type of splicing, multiple splicing, which has never considered so far for accepting systems. This type of splicing differs from the usual operation in that several (not necessarily distinct) rules can be applied simultaneously to the same string. We first consider accepting multiple splicing systems where the number of splicing sites is a predefined constant. We prove that this model is computationally complete, if the constant is 2, by simulating a 2-tag system. Moreover, we show that the simulation is time-complexity preserving, and discuss also the descriptional complexity of the accepting splicing system given by our construction. We then consider the accepting multiple splicing systems where the number of sites has either an upper bound or a lower bound. The computational power of these systems is also investigated. We finally discuss some open problems. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

Abstract

The current paper estimated the physico-chemical properties of water in the Danube Delta (Romania), based on Sentinel 2 remote sensing data. Eleven sites from the Danube Delta were sampled in spring and autumn for three years (2018-2020) and 21 water physico-chemical parameters were measured in laboratory. Several families of machine learning algorithms, translated into hundreds of models with different parameterizations for each machine learning algorithm, based on remote sensing data input from Sentinel 2 spectral bands, were employed to find the best models that predicted the values measured in laboratory. This was a novel approach, reflected in the types of selected models that minimised the values of performance metrics for the tested parameters. For alkalinity, calcium, chloride, carbon dioxide, hardness, potassium, sodium, ammonium, dissolved oxygen, sulphates, and suspended matter the results were promising, with an overall percentage bias of the estimates of +/- 10% from the observed values. For copper, magnesium, nitrites, nitrates, turbidity and zinc the estimates were fairly accurate, with percentage biases in the interval +/- 10% - 20%, whereas for detergents, led, and phosphates the percentage bias was higher than 20%. Overall, the results of the current study showed fairly good estimates between remote sensing based estimates and laboratory measured values for most water physico-chemical parameters.