Bogdan Oancea

Research Scientist I - Department lead Bioinformatica

Publication	Authors	data
article Changing Life Expectancy In European Countries 1990–2021: A Subanalysis Of Causes And Risk Factors From The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2021	Steel N.; Bauer-Staeb C.M.M.; Ford J.A.; Abbafati C.; Abdalla M.A.; Abdelkader A.; Abdi P.; Zuñiga R.A.A.; Abiodun O.O.; Abolhassani H.; Abu-Gharbieh E.; Abukhadijah H.J.; Abu-Zaid A.; Addo I.Y.; Addolorato G.; Adekanmbi V.; Adetunji J.B.; Adeyeoluwa T.E.; Agardh E.E.; Agyemang-Duah W.; Ahmad D.; Ahmed A.; Ahmed A.; Ahmed S.A.; Akinosoglou K.; Akkaif M.A.; Al Awaidy S.; Al Hasan S.M.; Al Zaabi O.A.M.; Aldridge R.W.; Algammal A.M.; Al-Gheethi A.A.S.; Ali A.; Ali M.U.; Ali S.S.; Ali W.; Alicandro G.; Alif S.M.; Al-Jumaily A.; Allebeck P.; Alrawashdeh A.; Al-Rifai R.H.; Alsabri M.A.; Alshahrani N.Z.; Aluh D.O.; Al-Wardat M.; Al-Zyoud W.A.; Amiri S.; Anderlini D.; Andrei C.L.; Anil A.; Anvari S.; Anyasodor A.E.; Appiah S.C.Y.; Aquilano M.; Arabloo J.; Arafat M.; Areda D.; Aremu A.; Armani K.; Armocida B.; Ärnlöv J.; Asaduzzaman M.; Astell-Burt T.; Aujayeb A.; Ausloos M.; Azadnajafabad S.; Aziz S.; Azzam A.Y.; Babu G.R.; Badache A.C.; Badiye A.D.; Bahramian S.; Baig A.A.; Baker J.L.; Bansal H.; Bärnighausen T.W.; Barone M.T.U.; Barrow A.; Barteit S.; Bashir S.; Bashiru H.A.; Basso J.D.; Bastan M.-M.; Basu S.; Batra K.; Bauckneht M.; Baune B.T.; Beghi M.; Beiranvand M.; Béjot Y.; Bell M.L.; Bello O.O.; Belo L.; Beloukas A.; Beneke A.A.; Bettencourt P.J.G.; Bhagavathula A.S.; Bhala N.; Bhaskar S.; Bisulli F.; Bjørge T.; Bodunrin A.O.; Carvajal A.B.; Bouaoud S.; Brayne C.; Brenner H.; Briggs A.D.M.; Briko N.I.; Bugiardini R.; Buonsenso D.; Busse R.; Bustanji Y.; dos Santos F.L.C.; Barsbay M.Ç.; Capodici A.; Carreras G.; Carugno A.; Carvalho F.; Carvalho M.; Castaldelli-Maia J.M.; Castelpietra G.; Catapano A.L.; Cattaruzza M.S.; Cegolon L.; Cenko E.; Cerin E.; Cerrai S.; Chaudhary A.A.; Chong B.; Choudhari S.G.; Chu D.-T.; Chukwu I.S.; Chung S.-C.; Cioffi I.; Conde J.; Cortese S.; Couto R.A.S.; Criqui M.H.; Cruz-Martins N.; Dadras O.; Dallat M.A.T.; D'Amico E.; D'Anna L.; Darcho S.D.; Dargan P.I.; Das S.; de la Torre-Luque A.; Del Bo C.; Demetriades A.K.; Dervenis N.; Devleesschauwer B.; Dhali A.; Dhama K.; Dianatinasab M.; Diaz M.J.; Dongarwar D.; D'Oria M.; Doshi O.P.; Dowou R.K.; Duraisamy S.; Durojaiye O.C.; Dziedzic A.M.; Edvardsson D.; Edvardsson K.; Eikemo T.A.; Ekholuenetale M.; Ekundayo T.C.; El Arab R.A.; Elgar F.J.; Elhadi M.; Eltaha C.; Esposito F.; Fabin N.; Fagbamigbe A.F.; Fagbule O.F.; Fakhri-Demeshghieh A.; Falzone L.; Sofia e Sá Farinha C.; Faris P.S.; Fasina F.O.; Fazeli P.; Fazylov T.; Feizkhah A.; Fekadu G.; Feng X.; Fereshtehnejad S.-M.; Ferrante D.; Ferrara P.; Ferreira N.; Fetensa G.; Fischer F.; Fonzo M.; Fornari A.; Fortuna D.; Rodrigues C.F.; Foschi M.; Fox S.S.; Freitas A.; Fukumoto T.; Gadanya M.A.; Gallus S.; Galluzzo L.; Ganesan B.; Ganiyani M.A.; Gao X.; Garcia-Gordillo M.; Gazzelloni F.; Gebregergis M.W.; Gebremeskel T.G.; Ghadimi D.J.; Ghailan K.Y.; Ghith N.; Gholami E.; Gialluisi A.; Gill P.S.; Gillam T.; Giussani G.; Glasbey J.C.; Glenn S.D.; Göbölös L.; Goldust M.; Golechha M.; Goleij P.; Golinelli D.; Gorini G.; Graham S.M.; Griebler R.; Grover A.; Guicciardi S.; Gunturu S.; Gupta V.K.; Gutiérrez-Murillo R.S.; Habteyohannes A.D.; Haep N.; Nam N.H.; Haller S.; Hamoudi R.; Handanagic S.; Haro J.M.; Hasani H.; Hasnain M.S.; Havmoeller R.J.; Hay S.I.; Hebert J.J.; Heibati B.; Hilderink H.B.M.; Hiraike Y.; Hoan N.Q.; Hosseinzadeh M.; Hostiuc S.; Hoven H.; Hu C.; Huang J.; Hughes A.; Hultström M.; Hushmandi K.; Hussain J.; Hussain M.A.; Ikiroma A.; Inok A.; Islam M.R.; Islam S.M.S.; Isola G.; Iyer M.; Jacob L.; Jahrami H.; Jairoun A.A.; Jaka S.; Jakovljevic M.; Jawaid T.; Jeswani B.M.; Jonas J.B.; Joshua C.E.; Kaambwa B.; Kabir Z.; Hussein Kadir D.H.; Kamath R.; Kanmodi K.K.; Kapoor N.; Karakasis P.; Karanikolos M.; Karaye I.M.; Kauppila J.H.; Kazemian S.; Kesse-Guyot E.; Khamesipour F.; Khan A.; Khanmohammadi S.; Khatab K.; Khatatbeh M.M.; Khormali M.; Khosla A.A.; Khosravi M.; Khosrowjerdi M.; Khubchandani J.; Kim K.; Kim M.S.; Kisa A.; Kisa S.; Knudsen A.K.S.; Koren G.; Kuddus M.A.; Kuitunen I.; Kulimbet M.; Kumar R.; Kunutsor S.K.; Kurmi O.P.; Kusuma D.; Kytö V.; La Vecchia C.; Lai H.; Lallukka T.; Lanfranchi F.; Langguth B.; Laplante-Lévesque A.; Larson H.J.; Larsson A.O.; Lee M.; Lee P.H.; Lee S.W.; Lee W.-C.; Lindholm D.; Linehan C.; Liu X.; Llanaj E.; López-Gil J.F.; Lorkowski S.; Lucchetti G.; Lugo A.; Lunevicius R.; Luo L.; Amin H.I.M.; Ma Z.F.; Machairas N.; Machoy M.; Malhotra K.; Malik A.A.; Mansour A.; Manu E.; Marateb H.R.; Martini D.; Martorell M.; Marzo R.R.; Mathangasinghe Y.; Mathur M.; Matozinhos F.P.; Maude R.J.; Maugeri A.; May J.; Mayeli M.; Mazidi M.; McKee M.; Mechili E.A.; Mehravar S.; Meto T.M.; Meles H.N.; Mentis A.-F.A.; Meretoja A.; Meretoja T.J.; Mettananda S.; Micha G.; Michalek I.M.; Miller T.R.; Minervini G.; Mirijello A.; Mocciaro G.; Fard A.M.; Mohamed J.; Mohamed N.S.; Mohammadian-Hafshejani A.; Mohammed S.; Monasta L.; Mondello S.; Ali Moni M.; Moraga P.; Morawska L.; Mossie T.B.; Motappa R.; Mubarik S.; Muccioli L.; Mueller U.O.; Mughal F.; Mulita F.; Munblit D.; Munkhsaikhan Y.; Murray C.J.L.; Naghavi M.; Naghavi P.; Naik G.R.; Najdaghi S.; Naqvi A.A.; Davani D.N.; Nascimento G.G.; Naser A.Y.; Nashwan A.J.; Nauman J.; Navaratna S.N.K.; Nazri-Panjaki A.; Nejjari C.; Nena E.; Netsere H.B.; Nguyen A.H.; Nguyen P.T.; Nguyen V.T.; Nnyanzi L.A.; Noor S.T.A.; Nouri M.; Nugen F.; Nurchis M.C.; Nzoputam O.J.; Oancea B.; O'Donnell M.J.; Oduro M.S.; Ogundijo O.A.; Ogunsakin R.E.; Okeke S.R.; Okonji O.C.; Olagunju A.T.; Oliver S.; Olufadewa I.I.; Ortiz A.; Owolabi M.O.; Padukudru M.P.A.; Padubidri J.R.; Palma-Alvarez R.F.F.; Panda S.K.; Panda-Jonas S.; Panos G.D.; Panos L.D.; Pantazopoulos I.; Pardhan S.; Parikh R.R.; Passera R.; Patil S.; Patoulias D.; Pawar S.; Pensato U.; Pereira G.; Perico N.; Perna S.; Petermann-Rocha F.E.; Pham H.N.; Philip A.K.; Pierannunzio D.; Pigeolet M.; Pisoni E.; Poddighe D.; Poluru R.; Postma M.J.; Pradhan J.; Pupillo E.; Puvvula J.; Raggi A.; Rahman M.; Rahman M.A.; Raimondo D.; Raimondo I.; Ramasamy S.K.; Ramazanu S.; Rana R.K.; Rao S.J.; Rasella D.; Rashid A.M.; Rauniyar S.K.; Rautalin I.; Rawaf D.L.; Rawaf S.; Reddy M.M.R.K.; Moustafa Mohamed Redwan E.M.; Reifels L.; Remuzzi G.; Rezaeian M.; Ribeiro A.I.; Rijal A.; Rodriguez J.A.B.; Romoli M.; Ronfani L.; Root K.T.; Rout H.S.; Roy N.; Russo M.; Saad A.M.A.; Sabet C.J.; Dhingra M.S.; Saeed U.; Safari M.; Safdarian M.; Saleh M.A.; Salem M.Z.Y.; Salum G.A.; Samuel V.P.; Samy A.M.; Saravanan A.; Saravi B.; Sarkar C.; Saulam J.; Scarmeas N.; Schaarschmidt B.M.; Schinckus C.; Schlaich M.P.; Schmidt J.C.; Schuermans A.; Schumacher A.E.; Schwendicke F.; Schwinger C.; Sepanlou S.G.; Shafie M.; Shahsavari H.R.; Ali Shaikh M.; Shakil H.; Sham S.; Shamim M.A.; Sharew N.T.; Sharifan A.; Shavandi A.; Shenoy R.R.; Shetty M.; Shetty P.H.; Shetty P.K.; Shigematsu M.; Shittu A.; Shiue I.; Shorofi S.A.; Shrestha R.; Shrestha R.; Siddig E.E.; Silva J.P.; Silva L.M.L.R.; Silva S.; Singh P.; Singh S.; Sipilä J.O.T.; Skryabina A.A.; Sokhan A.; Soraneh S.; Soriano J.B.; Soyiri I.N.; Spartalis M.; Steiropoulos P.; Stockfelt L.; Sun J.; Sundström J.; Sunkersing D.; Sunnerhagen K.S.; Swain C.K.; Szarpak L.; Sudha S.T.Y.; Damavandi P.T.; Tabares-Seisdedos R.; Tabatabaei S.M.; Tabche C.; Tabibi R.; Taiba J.; Tanwar M.; Tat N.Y.; Taveira N.; Temsah M.-H.; Thayakaran R.; Tiruye T.Y.; Touvier M.; Tovani-Palone M.R.; Tran J.T.; Tran N.H.; Tran T.H.; Trico D.; Tromans S.J.; Tsermpini E.E.; Car L.T.; Tumurkhuu M.; Ullah S.; Unim B.; Vaithinathan A.G.; Valenti M.; Van den Eynde J.; Varga O.; Vasankari T.J.; Vellingiri B.; Veroux M.; Vervoort D.; Villafane J.H.; Violante F.S.; Vizzielli G.; Vodden A.; Vollset S.E.; Vos T.; Wafa H.A.; Wang Y.; Wassie E.G.; Weerakoon K.G.; Westerman R.; Wickramasinghe N.D.; Willeit P.; Wojewodzic M.W.; Wolf A.W.; Wolfe C.D.A.; Wyper G.M.A.; Xu X.; Yasufuku Y.; Yaya S.; Yezli S.; YiǧKit A.; Yon D.K.; Yu C.; Zakham F.; Zanghi A.; Zastrozhin M.; Zeariya M.G.M.; Zhang L.; Zhang Z.; Zhong C.C.; Zhu B.; Ziafati M.; ZielińAska M.; Zweck E.; Zyoud S.H.; Newton J.N.	The Lancet Public Health, 2025
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea The Lancet Public Health 10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X Abstract Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021. Interpretation: The countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services. Funding: Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
article Does Income Inequality Influence Energy Consumption In The European Union?	Simionescu Mihaela; Oancea Bogdan	Energies, 2025
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Energies 10.3390/en18040787 Abstract This study examines the emerging challenge of how income inequality affects household energy consumption within the European Union amidst the ongoing energy crisis. Using the Gini index and the gender pay gap as indicators of income inequality, the analysis covers the period 2000-2023 across EU member states. Dynamic panel data models reveal that the Gini index negatively impacted final energy consumption per capita as well as energy consumption specifically from gas oil and diesel, while the gender pay gap is associated with less energy consumption in the realms of natural gas and ambient heating. Causality is further explored through recent methodology developed for panel data and Bayesian networks, and the results confirm the causality between energy consumption and income inequality. To address the complex relationship between income inequality and energy consumption, policymakers should implement integrated strategies promoting energy efficiency, clean energy transitions, gender equality, and social safety nets, particularly in light of the energy crisis exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
article Income/Gender Inequality And Energy Use In The European Union	Simionescu Mihaela; Oancea Bogdan	Energy Efficiency, 2025
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Energy Efficiency 10.1007/s12053-025-10314-4 Abstract In the context of energy crisis, the impact of household energy consumption on income and gender inequality in the European Union is a new challenge. The main aim of this study is related to the evaluation of the impact of energy consumption on Gini index as a measure of income inequality and on gender pay gap as a measure of gender inequality in the European Union. The baseline results for the period 2000-2021 based on dynamic panel data models indicate that more final energy consumption in households per capita reduced Gini index, but increased gender pay gap. For checking robustness of the results, a shorter period was considered (2010-2021) and the impact of final energy consumption on Gini index became positive. If various types of energy sources (natural gas, gas oil, gas diesel) and various purposes are considered for energy consumption (energy for heat, energy for ambiental heat) the evidence for the impact on Gini index and gender pay gap is mixed in the period 2010-2021. Besides these results based on dynamic panel data models, this study brings as novelty for literature the analysis of causal relationships between various types of energy consumption and income/gender inequality using a specific panel causality test that allow heterogenous parameters and Bayesian networks. The policy recommendations based on these results refer to the reduction of energy consumption in times of energy crisis to ensure less income and gender inequality.
article Global Fertility In 204 Countries And Territories, 1950-2021, With Forecasts To 2100: A Comprehensive Demographic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2021	Bhattacharjee Natalia V.; Schumacher Austin E.; Aali Amirali; Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh; Abbasian Mohammadreza; Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen; Abbastabar Hedayat; Abd ElHafeez Samar; Abd-Elsalam Sherief; Abdollahi Mohammad; Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin; Abdoun Meriem; Abdullahi Auwal; Abebe Mesfin; Abebe Samrawit Shawel; Abiodun Olumide; Abolhassani Hassan; Abolmaali Meysam; Abouzid Mohamed; Aboye Girma Beressa; Abreu Lucas Guimaraes; Abrha Woldu Aberhe; Abrigo Michael R. M.; Abtahi Dariush; Abualruz Hasan; Abubakar Bilyaminu; Abu-Gharbieh Eman; Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M. E.; Adal Tadele Girum Girum; Adane Mesafint Molla; Adeagbo Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo; Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi Victor; Aden Bashir; Adepoju Abiola Victor; Adetokunboh Olatunji O.; Adetunji Juliana Bunmi; Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo; Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel; Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Adra Saryia; Afolabi Rotimi Felix; Afyouni Shadi; Afzal Muhammad Sohail; Afzal Saira; Aghamiri Shahin; Agodi Antonella; Agyemang-Duah Williams; Ahinkorah Bright Opoku; Ahlstrom Austin J.; Ahmad Aqeel; Ahmad Danish; Ahmad Firdos; Ahmad Muayyad M.; Ahmad Sajjad; Ahmad Tauseef; Ahmed Ali; Ahmed Ayman; Ahmed Haroon; Ahmed Luai A.; Ahmed Meqdad Saleh; Ahmed Syed Anees; Ajami Marjan; Aji Budi; Akalu Gizachew Taddesse; Akbarialiabad Hossein; Akinyemi Rufus Olusola; Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed; Akkala Sreelatha; Al Hamad Hanadi; Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz; Al Qadire Mohammad; Al-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali; Alalalmeh Samer O.; Alalwan Tariq A.; Al-Aly Ziyad; Alam Khurshid; Al-Amer Rasmieh Mustafa; Alanezi Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi Turki M.; Albakri Almaza; Albashtawy Mohammed; AlBataineh Mohammad T.; Alemi Hediyeh; Alemi Sharifullah; Alemu Yihun Mulugeta; Al-Eyadhy Ayman; Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed; Alhabib Khalid F.; Alhajri Noora; Alhalaiqa Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa; Alhassan Robert Kaba; Ali Abid; Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali Liaqat; Ali Mohammed Usman; Ali Rafat; Ali Syed Shujait Shujait; Alif Sheikh Mohammad; Aligol Mohammad; Alijanzadeh Mehran; Aljasir Mohammad A. M.; Aljunid Syed Mohamed; Al-Marwani Sabah; Almazan Joseph Uy; Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.; Almidani Omar; Alomari Mahmoud A.; Al-Omari Basem; Alqahtani Jaber S.; Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen; Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.; Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah; Altaf Awais; Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A.; Altirkawi Khalid A.; Aluh Deborah Oyine; Alvi Farrukh Jawad; Alvis-Guzman Nelson; Alwafi Hassan; Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed; Aly Hany; Aly Safwat; Alzoubi Karem H.; Ameyaw Edward Kwabena; Amin Tarek Tawfik; Amindarolzarbi Alireza; Amini-Rarani Mostafa; Amiri Sohrab; Ampomah Irene Gyamfuah; Amugsi Dickson A.; Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi; Ancuceanu Robert; Anderlini Deanna; Andrade Pedro Prata; Andrei Catalina Liliana; Andrei Tudorel; Anil Abhishek; Anil Sneha; Ansar Adnan; Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza; Antony Catherine M.; Antriyandarti Ernoiz; Anvari Saeid; Anwar Saleha; Anwer Razique; Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward; Arabloo Jalal; Bahri Razman Arabzadeh; Arafa Elshaimaa A.; Arafat Mosab; Araujo Ana Margarida; Aravkin Aleksandr Y.; Aremu Abdulfatai; Aripov Timur; Arkew Mesay; Armocida Benedetta; Arnlov Johan; Arooj Mahwish; Artamonov Anton A.; Arulappan Judie; Aruleba Raphael Taiwo; Arumugam Ashokan; Asadi-Lari Mohsen; Asemi Zatollah; Asgary Saeed; Asghariahmadabad Mona; Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad; Ashemo Mubarek Yesse; Ashraf Muhammad; Ashraf Tahira; Asika Marvellous O.; Athari Seyyed Shamsadin; Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Atreya Alok; Aujayeb Avinash; Ausloos Marcel; Avan Abolfazl; Aweke Amlaku Mulat; Ayele Getnet Melaku; Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad; Azadnajafabad Sina; Azevedo Rui M. S.; Azzam Ahmed Y.; Badar Muhammad; Badiye Ashish D.; Baghdadi Soroush; Bagheri Nasser; Bagherieh Sara; Bahmanziari Najmeh; Bai Ruhai; Baig Atif Amin; Baker Jennifer L.; Bako Abdulaziz T.; Bakshi Ravleen Kaur; Balasubramanian Madhan; Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin; Bam Kiran; Banach Maciej; Bandyopadhyay Soham; Banik Biswajit; Banik Palash Chandra; Bansal Hansi; Baran Mehmet Firat; Barchitta Martina; Bardhan Mainak; Bardideh Erfan; Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen Till Winfried; Barone-Adesi Francesco; Barqawi Hiba Jawdat; Barrow Amadou; Barteit Sandra; Basharat Zarrin; Bashir Asma'u I. J.; Bashiru Hameed Akande; Basiru Afisu; Basso Joao Diogo; Basu Sanjay; Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad; Batra Kavita; Baune Bernhard T.; Bayati Mohsen; Begum Tahmina; Behboudi Emad; Behnoush Amir Hossein; Beiranvand Maryam; Ramirez Diana Fernanda Bejarano; Bekele Alehegn; Belay Sefealem Assefa; Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal; Bell Michelle L.; Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja; Beloukas Apostolos; Bensenor Isabela M.; Berezvai Zombor; Berhie Alemshet Yirga; Bermudez Amiel Nazer C.; Bettencourt Paulo J. G.; Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj Nikha; Bhardwaj Pankaj; Bhardwaj Prarthna V.; Bhaskar Sonu; Bhat Vivek; Bhatti Gurjit Kaur; Bhatti Jasvinder Singh; Bhatti Manpreet S.; Bhatti Rajbir; Biondi Antonio; Bisignano Catherine; Biswas Atanu; Biswas Raaj Kishore; Bitra Veera R.; Bjorge Tone; Bliss Elye; Boachie Micheal Kofi; Bobirca Anca Vasilica; Bodolica Virginia; Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan; Bogale Eyob Ketema; Bogale Kassawmar Angaw; Hashemi Milad Bonakdar; Basara Berrak Bora; Bouaoud Souad; Braithwaite Dejana; Brauer Michael; Breitborde Nicholas J. K.; Bryazka Dana; Bulamu Norma B.; Buonsenso Danilo; Burkart Katrin; Burns Richard A.; Bustanji Yasser; Butt Nadeem Shafique; Butt Zahid A.; dos Santos Florentino Luciano Caetano; Calina Daniela; Campos-Nonato Ismael R.; Cao Fan; Cao Shujin; Capodici Angelo; Carreras Giulia; Carugno Andrea; Castaneda-Orjuela Carlos A.; Castelpietra Giulio; Cattaruzza Maria Sofia; Caye Arthur; Cegolon Luca; Cembranel Francieli; Cerin Ester; Chadwick Joshua; Chahine Yaacoub; Chakraborty Chiranjib; Chalek Julian; Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai; Charalampous Periklis; Chattu Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi Sarika; Chavula Malizgani Paul; Chen An-Tian; Chen Haowei; Chen Simiao; Chi Gerald; Chichagi Fatemeh; Chien Ju-Huei; Ching Patrick R.; Cho William C. S.; Choi Sungchul; Chong Bryan; Chopra Hitesh; Choudhari Sonali Gajanan; Christopher Devasahayam J.; Chu Dinh-Toi; Chukwu Isaac Sunday; Chung Eric; Chung Sheng-Chia; Cindi Zinhle; Cioffi Iolanda; Ciuffreda Raffaela; Claro Rafael M.; Coberly Kaleb; Columbus Alyssa; Comfort Haley; Conde Joao; Criqui Michael H.; Cruz-Martins Natalia; Cuadra-Hernandez Silvia Magali; Dadana Sriharsha; Dadras Omid; Dahiru Tukur; Dai Zhaoli; Dalton Bronte; Damiani Giovanni; Darwesh Aso Mohammad; Das Jai K.; Das Saswati; Dashti Mohsen; Dastiridou Anna; Davila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto; Davletov Kairat; Debele Aklilu Tamire; Debopadhaya Shayom; Delavari Somayeh; Delgado-Enciso Ivan; Demeke Dessalegn; Demessa Berecha Hundessa; Deng Xinlei; Denova-Gutierrez Edgar; Deribe Kebede; Dervenis Nikolaos; Desai Hardik Dineshbhai; Desai Rupak; Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Dhali Arkadeep; Dhama Kuldeep; Dhimal Meghnath; Dhulipala Vishal R.; da Silva Diana Dias; Diaz Daniel; Diaz Michael J.; Dima Adriana; Ding Delaney D.; Dirac M. Ashworth; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; do Prado Camila Bruneli; Dohare Sushil; Dong Wanyue; D'Oria Mario; dos Santos Wendel Mombaque; Doshmangir Leila; Dowou Robert Kokou; Dsouza Ashel Chelsea; Dsouza Haneil Larson; Dsouza Viola; Dube John; Duprey Joe; Duraes Andre Rodrigues; Duraisamy Senbagam; Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher; Dutta Sulagna; Dwyer-Lindgren Laura; Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka; Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian; Ebrahimi Alireza; Edinur Hisham Atan; Edvardsson Kristina; Efendi Ferry; Eikemo Terje Andreas; Ekholuenetale Michael; El Tantawi Maha; Elemam Noha Mousaad; ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik; Elhadi Muhammed; Elilo Legesse Tesfaye; Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou; Elmonem Mohamed A.; Elshaer Mohammed; Elsohaby Ibrahim; Zeydi Amir Emami; Bain Luchuo Engelbert; Eskandarieh Sharareh; Esposito Francesco; Estep Kara; Etaee Farshid; Fabin Natalia; Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis; Fahimi Saman; Fakhri-Demeshghieh Aliasghar; Falzone Luca; Faramarzi Ali; Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Farmer Sam; Faro Andre; Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara; Fatehizadeh Ali; Fauk Nelsensius Klau; Fazeli Pooria; Feigin Valery L.; Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad; Feroze Abdullah Hamid; Ferrara Pietro; Ferreira Nuno; Fetensa Getahun; Filip Irina; Fischer Florian; Flavel Joanne; Foigt Nataliya A.; Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov Artem Alekseevich; Foroutan Behzad; Foschi Matteo; Fowobaje Kayode Raphael; Francis Kate Louise; Freitas Alberto; Fukumoto Takeshi; Fuller John E.; Fux Blima; Gaal Peter Andras; Gadanya Muktar A.; Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji; Galali Yaseen; Gallus Silvano; Gandhi Aravind P.; Ganesan Balasankar; Ganiyani Mohammad Arfat; Garcia-Gordillo M. A.; Garg Naval; Gautam Rupesh K.; Gazzelloni Federica; Gbadamosi Semiu Olatunde; Gebregergis Miglas W.; Gebrehiwot Mesfin; Gebremariam Tesfay Brhane; Gebremariam Tesfay B. B.; Gebremeskel Teferi Gebru; Geda Yohannes Fikadu; Georgescu Simona Roxana; Gerema Urge; Geremew Habtamu; Getachew Motuma Erena; Gething Peter W.; Ghasemi MohammadReza; Dabaghi Ghazal Ghasempour; Ghasemzadeh Afsaneh; Ghassemi Fariba; Ghazy Ramy Mohamed; Ghimire Sailaja; Gholamian Asadollah; Gholamrezanezhad Ali; Ghorbani Mahsa; Ghoshal Aloke Gopal; Ghuge Arun Digambarrao; Gil Artyom Urievich; Gill Tiffany K.; Giorgi Matteo; Girmay Alem; Glasbey James C.; Gobolos Laszlo; Goel Amit; Golchin Ali; Golechha Mahaveer; Goleij Pouya; Gopalani Sameer Vali; Goudarzi Houman; Goulart Alessandra C.; Goyal Anmol; Graham Simon Matthew; Grivna Michal; Guan Shi-Yang; Guarducci Giovanni; Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudeta Mesay Dechasa; Guicciardi Stefano; Gulati Snigdha; Gulisashvili David; Gunawardane Damitha Asanga; Guo Cui; Gupta Anish Kumar; Gupta Bhawna; Gupta Manoj Kumar; Gupta Mohak; Gupta Sapna; Gupta Veer Bala; Gupta Vijai Kumar; Gupta Vivek Kumar; Haakenstad Annie; Habibzadeh Farrokh; Hadi Najah R.; Haep Nils; Hajibeygi Ramtin; Haller Sebastian; Halwani Rabih; Hamadeh Randah R.; Hamdy Nadia M.; Hameed Sajid; Hamidi Samer; Han Qiuxia; Handal Alexis J.; Hankey Graeme J.; Haque Md Nuruzzaman; Haro Josep Maria; Hasaballah Ahmed I.; Hasan Ikramul; Hasan Mohammad Jahid; Hasan S. M. Mahmudul; Hasani Hamidreza; Hasnain Md Saquib; Hassan Amr; Hassan Ikrama; Hassanipour Soheil; Hassankhani Hadi; Hay Simon I.; Hebert Jeffrey J.; Hegazi Omar E.; Heidari Mohammad; Helfer Bartosz; Hemmati Mehdi; Herrera-Serna Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu Claudiu; Hessami Kamran; Hezam Kamal; Hiraike Yuta; Nguyen Quoc Hoan; Holla Ramesh; Horita Nobuyuki; Hossain Md Mahbub; Hossain Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Hosseinzadeh Hassan; Hosseinzadeh Mehdi; Hostiuc Mihaela; Hostiuc Sorin; Hsairi Mohamed; Hsieh Vivian Chia-rong; Hu Chengxi; Huang Junjie; Huda M. Mamun; Humayun Ayesha; Hussain Javid; Hussein Nawfal R.; Huynh Hong-Han; Hwang Bing-Fang; Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel; Iftikhar Pulwasha Maria; Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen; Ilic Irena M.; Ilic Milena D.; Immurana Mustapha; Inbaraj Leeberk Raja; Iqbal Afrin; Islam Md. Rabiul; Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah; Iso Hiroyasu; Isola Gaetano; Iwagami Masao; Iyer Mahalaxmi; Merin Linda J.; Jaafari Jalil; Jacob Louis; Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad; Jaggi Khushleen; Jahankhani Kasra; Jahanmehr Nader; Jahrami Haitham; Jain Akhil; Jain Nityanand; Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman; Jakovljevic Mihajlo; Jamshidi Elham; Javadov Sabzali; Javaheri Tahereh; Jayapal Sathish Kumar; Jayaram Shubha; Jee Sun Ha; Jeganathan Jayakumar; Jha Anil K.; Jha Ravi Prakash; Jiang Heng; Jokar Mohammad; Jonas Jost B.; Joo Tamas; Joseph Nitin; Joshua Charity Ehimwenma; Joukar Farahnaz; Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson Mikk; Vaishali K.; Kaambwa Billingsley; Kabir Abdulkareem; Kabir Ali; Kabir Hannaneh; Kabir Zubair; Kalani Rizwan; Kalankesh Leila R.; Kaliyadan Feroze; Kalra Sanjay; Kamath Rajesh; Kamath Sagarika; Kanchan Tanuj; Kanmiki Edmund Wedam; Kanmodi Kehinde Kazeem; Kannan Suthanthira S.; Kansal Sushil Kumar; Kantar Rami S.; Kapoor Neeti; Karajizadeh Mehrdad; Karami Manoochehr; Karaye Ibraheem M.; Kashoo Faizan Zaffar; Kasraei Hengameh; Kassebaum Nicholas J.; Kassel Molly B.; Kauppila Joonas H.; Kazemi Foad; Kazeminia Sara; Kempen John H.; Kendal Evie Shoshannah; Keshtkar Kamyab; Keykhaei Mohammad; Khajuria Himanshu; Khalaji Amirmohammad; Khalid Nauman; Khalil Anees Ahmed; Khalilian Alireza; Khamesipour Faham; Khan Ajmal; Khan Asaduzzaman; Khan Ikramullah; Khan M. Nuruzzaman; Khan Maseer; Khan Mohammad Jobair; Khan Moien A. B.; Khang Young-Ho; Khanmohammadi Shaghayegh; Khatab Khaled; Khavandegar Armin; Kashani Hamid Reza Khayat; Khidri Feriha Fatima; Khormali Moein; Khosravi Mohammad Ali; Khosrowjerdi Mahmood; Kidane Wondwosen Teklesilasie; Kifle Zemene Demelash; Kim Julie Sojin; Kim Min Seo; Kimokoti Ruth W.; Kinzel Kasey E.; Kiross Girmay Tsegay; Kisa Adnan; Kisa Sezer; Kolahi Ali-Asghar; Kompani Farzad; Koren Gerbrand; Korzh Oleksii; Kosen Soewarta; Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Krishan Kewal; Krishna Varun; Krishnamoorthy Vijay; Defo Barthelemy Kuate; Kubeisy Connor M.; Bicer Burcu Kucuk; Kuddus Md Abdul; Kuddus Mohammed; Kuitunen Ilari; Kulimbet Mukhtar; Kumar Harish; Kundu Satyajit; Kunle Rotimi Kunle; Kurmi Om P.; Kusnali Asep; Kusuma Dian; Kyei Evans F.; Kyriopoulos Ilias; La Vecchia Carlo; Lacey Ben; Ladan Muhammad Awwal; Laflamme Lucie; Lahariya Chandrakant; Lai Daphne Teck Ching; Lal Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo Ratilal; Lam Judit; Lamnisos Demetris; Landires Ivan; Lanfranchi Francesco; Langguth Berthold; Laplante-Levesque Ariane; Larson Heidi Jane; Larsson Anders O.; Lasrado Savita; Latief Kamaluddin; Latifinaibin Kaveh; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Ledda Caterina; Lee Munjae; Lee Paul H.; Lee Seung Won; Lee Yo Han; Lema Gebretsadik Kiros; Leong Elvynna; Lerango Temesgen L.; Li An; Li Ming-Chieh; Li Shanshan; Li Wei; Li Xiaopan; Ligade Virendra S.; Lim Stephen S.; Lin Ro-Ting; Lindstedt Paulina A.; Listl Stefan; Liu Gang; Liu Jue; Liu Xiaofeng; Liu Xuefeng; Liu Yuewei; Llanaj Erand; Lopez-Bueno Ruben; Lopukhov Platon D.; Lorenzovici Laszlo; Lotufo Paulo A.; Lubinda Jailos; Lucchetti Giancarlo; Lugo Alessandra; Lunevicius Raimundas; Lv Hengliang; Ma Zheng Feei; Maass Kelsey Lynn; Machoy Monika; Madureira-Carvalho Aurea M.; El Razek Mohammed Magdy Abd; Maghazachi Azzam A.; Mahjoub Soleiman; Mahmoud Mansour Adam; Majeed Azeem; Malagon-Rojas Jeadran N.; Rad Elaheh Malakan; Malhotra Kashish; Malik Ahmad Azam; Malik Iram; Malta Deborah Carvalho; Mamun Abdullah A.; Manla Yosef; Mansoori Yasaman; Mansour Ali; Mansouri Borhan; Mansouri Zeinab; Mansournia Mohammad Ali; Maravilla Joemer C.; Marino Mirko; Marjani Abdoljalal; Martinez Gabriel; Martinez-Piedra Ramon; Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlandio; Martorell Miquel; Maryam Sharmeen; Marzo Roy Rillera; Masoudi Alireza; Mattumpuram Jishanth; Maude Richard James; Maugeri Andrea; May Erin A.; Mayeli Mahsa; Mazaheri Maryam; McGrath John J.; Mckee Martin; Laura Anna; McKowen Wensel; McLaughlin Susan A.; McPhail Steven M.; Mehra Rahul; Mehrabani-Zeinabad Kamran; Nasab Entezar Mehrabi; Meto Tesfahun Mekene; Mendez-Lopez Max Alberto Mendez; Mendoza Walter; Menezes Ritesh G.; Mensah George A.; Mentis Alexios-Fotios A.; Meo Sultan Ayoub; Merati Mohsen; Meretoja Atte; Meretoja Tuomo J.; Mersha Abera M.; Mestrovic Tomislav; Metanat Pouya; Mettananda Kukulege Chamila Dinushi; Mettananda Sachith; Mhlanga Adquate; Mhlanga Laurette; Mi Tianyue; Miazgowski Tomasz; Micha Georgia; Michalek Irmina Maria; Miller Ted R.; Minh Le Huu Nhat; Mirghafourvand Mojgan; Mirrakhimov Erkin M.; Mirutse Mizan Kiros; Mirza Moonis; Mirzaei Roya; Mishra Ashim; Misra Sanjeev; Mitchell Philip B.; Mittal Chaitanya; Moazen Babak; Mohamed Abdalla Z.; Mohamed Ahmed Ismail; Mohamed Jama; Mohamed Mouhand F. H.; Mohamed Nouh Saad; Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi Sakineh; Mohammadi Soheil; Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah; Mohammed Mustapha; Mohammed Salahuddin; Mohammed Shafiu; Mokdad Ali H.; Mokhtarzadehazar Peyman; Vardanjani Hossein Molavi; Molinaro Sabrina; Monasta Lorenzo; Moni Mohammad Ali; Moradi Maryam; Moradi Yousef; Moraga Paula; Moreira Rafael Silveira; Morovatdar Negar; Morrison Shane Douglas; Morze Jakub; Mosapour Abbas; Mossialos Elias; Motappa Rohith; Mousavi Parsa; Khaneghah Amin Mousavi; Mpundu-Kaambwa Christine; Mubarik Sumaira; Muccioli Lorenzo; Mulita Francesk; Munjal Kavita; Murillo-Zamora Efren; Musa Jonah; Musaigwa Fungai; Musina Ana-Maria; Muthu Sathish; Muthupandian Saravanan; Muzaffar Muhammad; Myung Woojae; Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel Gabriele; Naghavi Pirouz; Naik Ganesh R.; Naik Gurudatta; Naimzada Mukhammad David; Nainu Firzan; Nangia Vinay; Swamy Sreenivas Narasimha; Nascimento Bruno Ramos; Nascimento Gustavo G.; Naser Abdallah Y.; Nasiri Mohammad Javad; Natto Zuhair S.; Nauman Javaid; Naveed Muhammad; Nayak Biswa Prakash; Nayak Vinod C.; Ndejjo Rawlance; Nduaguba Sabina Onyinye; Negash Hadush; Negesse Chernet Tafere; Negoi Ionut; Negoi Ruxandra Irina; Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria; Nejjari Chakib; Nepal Samata; Netsere Henok Biresaw; Nguefack-Tsague Georges; Ngunjiri Josephine W.; Nguyen Dang H.; Nguyen Hau Thi Hien; Nguyen Phuong The; Nguyen QuynhAnh P.; Nguyen Van Thanh; Niazi Robina Khan; Nigatu Yeshambel T.; Nikolouzakis Taxiarchis Konstantinos; Nikoobar Ali; Nikpoor Amin Reza; Nnaji Chukwudi A.; Nnyanzi Lawrence Achilles; Noman Efaq Ali; Nomura Shuhei; Noreen Mamoona; Noroozi Nafise; Nri-Ezedi Chisom Adaobi; Nunemo Mengistu H.; Nunez-Samudio Virginia; Nurrika Dieta; Nutor Jerry John; Oancea Bogdan; Obamiro Kehinde O.; Odetokun Ismail A.; Odogwu Nkechi Martina; O'Donnell Martin James; Odukoya Oluwakemi Ololade; Oguntade Ayodipupo Sikiru; Oguta James Odhiambo; Oh In-Hwan; Okeke Sylvester Reuben; Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji Osaretin Christabel; Okwute Patrick Godwin; Olagunju Andrew T.; Olasupo Omotola O.; Olatubi Matthew Idowu; Oliveira Glaucia Maria Moraes; Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya Jacob Olusegun; Oluwatunase Gideon Olamilekan; Omar Hany A.; Omer Goran Latif; Onwujekwe Obinna E.; Ordak Michal; Orisakwe Orish Ebere; Orish Verner N.; Ortega-Altamirano Doris V.; Ortiz Alberto; Ortiz-Prado Esteban; Osman Wael M. S.; Osuagwu Uchechukwu Levi; Osuolale Olayinka; Otoiu Adrian; Otstavnov Stanislav S.; Ouyahia Amel; Ouyang Guoqing; Owolabi Mayowa O.; Ozten Yaz; Mahesh Padukudru P. A.; Fallahy Mohammad Taha Pahlevan; Pan Feng; Pan Hai-Feng; Pana Adrian; Panda Paramjot; Panda-Jonas Songhomitra; Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha; Panos Georgios D.; Panos Leonidas D.; Pantazopoulos Ioannis; Stoian Anca Mihaela Pantea; Parikh Romil R.; Park Seoyeon; Parthasarathi Ashwaghosha; Pashaei Ava; Passera Roberto; Patel Hemal M.; Patel Jay; Patil Shankargouda; Patoulias Dimitrios; Patthipati Venkata Suresh; Paudel Uttam; Paun Mihaela; Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki; Pease Spencer A.; Peden Amy E.; Pedersini Paolo; Peng Minjin; Pensato Umberto; Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah Prince; Pereira Gavin; Peres Mario F. P.; Perianayagam Arokiasamy; Perico Norberto; Perna Simone; Pestell Richard G.; Petermann-Rocha Fanny Emily; Pham Hoang Tran; Philip Anil K.; Pierannunzio Daniela; Pigeolet Manon; Pigott David M.; Plotnikov Evgenii; Poddighe Dimitri; Pollner Peter; Poluru Ramesh; Postma Maarten J.; Pourali Ghazaleh; Pourshams Akram; Pourtaheri Naeimeh; Prabhu Disha; Prada Sergio I.; Pradhan Pranil Man Singh; Prasad Manya; Prashant Akila; Purohit Bharathi M.; Puvvula Jagadeesh; Qasim Nameer Hashim; Qattea Ibrahim; Deepthi R.; Rad Mehrdad Rabiee; Radfar Amir; Radhakrishnan Venkatraman; Raee Pourya; Shahraki Hadi Raeisi; Rafiei Alireza; Alavi Seyedeh Niloufar Rafiei; Raggi Cat; Raghav Pankaja Raghav; Rahim Fakher; Rahim Md Jillur; Rahman Md. Mosfequr; Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman Mosiur; Rahman Muhammad Aziz; Rahmanian Vahid; Rahmati Masoud; Rahnavard Niloufar; Rai Pramila; Raimondo Diego; Rajabpour-Sanati Ali; Rajput Prashant; Ram Prasanna; Ramasamy Shakthi Kumaran; Rana Juwel; Rana Kritika; Rana Shailendra Singh; Ranabhat Chhabi Lal; Rancic Nemanja; Rane Amey; Ranjan Shubham; Rao Chythra R.; Rao Indu Ramachandra; Rapaka Deepthi; Rasella Davide; Rashedi Sina; Rashedi Vahid; Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi; Rasul Azad; Ratan Zubair Ahmed; Babu Giridhara Rathnaiah; Rauniyar Santosh Kumar; Ravikumar Nakul; Rawaf David Laith; Rawaf Salman; Rawassizadeh Reza; Rawlley Bharat; Reddy Murali Mohan Rama Krishna; Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Remuzzi Giuseppe; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Rezaei Nazila; Nejad Aida Rezaei; Rezaeian Mohsen; Riad Abanoub; Riaz Mavra A.; Rickard Jennifer; Rikhtegar Reza; Robinson-Oden Hannah Elizabeth; Rodrigues Celia Fortuna; Rodriguez Jefferson Antonio Buendia; Rohilla Ravi; Romadlon Debby Syahru; Ronfani Luca; Rout Himanshu Sekhar; Roy Bedanta; Roy Nitai; Roy Priyanka; Rubagotti Enrico; Ruela Guilherme de Andrade; Rumisha Susan Fred; Runghien Tilleye; Manjula S.; Chandan S. N.; Saad Aly M. A.; Saadatian Zahra; Saber-Ayad Maha Mohamed; SaberiKamarposhti Morteza; Sabour Siamak; Sada Fatos; Saddik Basema; Sadee Bashdar Abuzed; Sadeghi Ehsan; Sadeghi Erfan; Saeb Mohammad Reza; Saeed Umar; Safi Sher Zaman; Sagoe Dominic; Saha Manika; Sahebkar Amirhossein; Sahoo Soumya Swaroop; Sahu Monalisha; Saif Zahra; Sakshaug Joseph W.; Salamati Payman; Salami Afeez Abolarinwa; Saleh Mohamed A.; Salem Marwa Rashad; Salem Mohammed Z. Y.; Salimi Sohrab; Samadzadeh Sara; Samodra Yoseph Leonardo; Samuel Vijaya Paul; Samy Abdallah M.; Sanabria Juan; Sanadgol Nima; Sanna Francesca; Santric-Milicevic Milena M.; Saqib Haaris; Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Saravanan Aswini; Saravi Babak; Sarikhani Yaser; Sarkar Tanmay; Sarmiento-Suarez Rodrigo; Sarode Gargi Sachin; Sarode Sachin C.; Sarveazad Arash; Sathian Brijesh; Sathish Thirunavukkarasu; Sathyanarayan Anudeep; Sayeed Abu; Abu Sayeed Md; Scarmeas Nikolaos; Schlee Winfried; Schuermans Art; Schwebel David C.; Schwendicke Falk; Selvaraj Siddharthan; Sengupta Pallav; Senthilkumaran Subramanian; Sepanlou Sadaf G.; Serban Dragos; Servan-Mori Edson; Sethi Yashendra; SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad; Seyedi Seyed Arsalan; Seylani Allen; Shafie Mahan; Shah Jaffer; Shah Pritik A.; Shahbandi Ataollah; Shahid Samiah; Shahwan Moyad Jamal; Shaikh Ahmed; Shaikh Masood Ali; Shamim Muhammad Aaqib; Shams-Beyranvand Mehran; Shamsi Mohammad Anas; Shanawaz Mohd; Shankar Abhishek; Shannawaz Mohammed; Sharath Medha; Sharfaei Sadaf; Sharifan Amin; Sharifi-Rad Javad; Sharma Manoj; Sharma Rajesh; Sharma Ujjawal; Sharma Vishal; Shastry Rajesh P.; Shavandi Amin; Shaw David H.; Shayan Amir Mehdi; Shayan Maryam; Shehabeldine Amr Mohamed Elsayed; Sheikh Aziz; Sheikhi Rahim Ali; Shenoy Manjunath Mala; Shetty Pavanchand H.; Shi Peilin; Shiferaw Desalegn; Shigematsu Mika; Shiri Rahman; Shirkoohi Reza; Shittu Aminu; Shivarov Velizar; Shokraneh Farhad; Shool Sina; Shorofi Seyed Afshin; Shuja Kanwar Hamza; Shuval Kerem; Siddig Emmanuel Edwar; Silva Joao Pedro; Silva Luis Manuel Lopes Rodrigues; Silva Soraia; Simonetti Biagio; Singal Anjali; Singh Abhinav; Singh Balbir Bagicha; Singh Jasvinder A.; Siraj Md Shahjahan; Smith Georgia; Socea Bogdan; Sokhan Anton; Solanki Ranjan; Solanki Shipra; Soleimani Hamidreza; Soliman Sameh S. M.; Solomon Yonatan; Song Yimeng; Sorensen Reed J. D.; Spartalis Michael; Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T.; Srivastava Vijay Kumar; Stanikzai Muhammad Haroon; Starodubov Vladimir I.; Starodubova Antonina V.; Stefan Simona Catalina; Steiropoulos Paschalis; Stokes Mark A.; Subramaniyan Vetriselvan; Suleman Muhammad; Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sultana Abida; Sun Jing; Swain Chandan Kumar; Sykes Bryan L.; Szarpak Lukasz; Szeto Mindy D.; Szocska Miklos; Damavandi Payam Tabaee; Tabares-Seisdedos Rafael; Malazy Ozra Tabatabaei; Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir; Tabatabai Shima; Tabb Karen M.; Tabish Mohammad; Soodejani Moslem Taheri; Taiba Jabeen; Tajbakhsh Ardeshir; Talaat Iman M.; Talukder Ashis; Tampa Mircea; Tamuzi Jacques Lukenze; Tan Ker-Kan; Tang Haosu; Da Tareke Derbie Alemu; Tariku Mengistie Kassahun; Tat Vivian Y.; Tavangar Seyed Mohammad; Teimoori Mojtaba; Temsah Mohamad-Hani; Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani; Teramoto Masayuki; Terefa Dufera Rikitu; Tesler Riki; Teye-Kwadjo Enoch; Thakur Ramna; Thangaraju Pugazhenthan; Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman; Thapar Rekha; Tharwat Samar; Thayakaran Rasiah; Thomas Nihal; Tichopad Ales; Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera; Tiruye Tenaw Yimer; Titova Mariya Vladimirovna; Tonelli Marcello; Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto; Traini Eugenio; Tran Jasmine T.; Tran Nghia Minh; Trihandini Indang; Tromans Samuel Joseph; Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai; Tsatsakis Aristidis; Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini; Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya; Tyrovolas Stefanos; Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim; Udoakang Aniefiok John; Udoh Arit; Ullah Atta; Ullah Saeed; Ullah Sana; Umakanthan Srikanth; Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David; Unim Brigid; Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran; Upadhyay Era; Usman Jibrin Sammani; Vacante Marco; Vahabi Seyed Mohammad; Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj; Valizadeh Rohollah; Van den Eynde Jef; Varavikova Elena; Varga Orsolya; Vart Priya; Varthya Shoban Babu; Vasankari Tommi Juhani; Vellingiri Balachandar; Venugopal Deneshkumar; Verghese Nicholas Alexander; Verma Madhur; Veroux Massimiliano; Verras Georgios-Ioannis; Vervoort Dominique; Villafane Jorge Hugo; Vinayak Manish; Violante Francesco S.; Vishwakarma Mukesh; Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov Vasily; Vo Bay; Volovat Simona Ruxandra; Vos Theo; Vujcic Isidora S.; Wafa Hatem A.; Waheed Yasir; Wakwoya Elias Bekele; Wang Cong; Wang Denny; Wang Fang; Wang Shu; Wang Yanzhong; Wang Yuan-Pang; Ward Paul; Wassie Emebet Gashaw; Watson Stefanie; Weaver Marcia R.; Weerakoon Kosala Gayan; Weiss Daniel J.; Wells Katherine M.; Wen Yi Feng; Westerman Ronny; Wiangkham Taweewat; Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth; Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana; Willeit Peter; Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu; Wu Felicia; Xia Juan; Xiao Hong; Xu Gelin; Xu Suowen; Xu Xiaoyue; Yadollahpour Ali; Yaghoobpoor Shirin; Yaghoobpour Tina; Yaghoubi Sajad; Yahaya Zwanden Sule; Yang Danting; Yang Lin; Yano Yuichiro; Yaribeygi Habib; Ye Pengpeng; Yesodharan Renjulal; Yesuf Subah Abderehim; Yezli Saber; Yigezu Amanuel; Yip Paul; Yon Dong Keon; Yonemoto Naohiro; You Yuyi; Younis Mustafa Z.; Yousefi Zabihollah; Yu Chuanhua; Yu Yong; Yuan Chun-Wei; Zafari Nima; Zakham Fathiah; Zaki Nazar; Zamagni Giulia; Zandi Milad; Zandieh Ghazal G. Z.; Zangiabadian Moein; Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich; Zhang Haijun; Zhang Meixin; Zhang Yunquan; Zhong Chenwen; Zhou Juexiao; Zhu Bin; Zhu Lei; Zielinska Magdalena; Zou Zhiyong; Zyoud Samer H.; Murray Christopher J. L.; Smith Amanda E.; Vollset Stein Emil	Lancet, 2024
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Mihaela Paun Lancet 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00550-6 Abstract Background Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.Methods To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10-54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates ( female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2 center dot 5 and 97 center dot 5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values-a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy-by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007-21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.Findings During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4 center dot 84 (95% UI 4 center dot 63-5 center dot 06) to 2 center dot 23 (2 center dot 09-2 center dot 38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137-147), declining to 129 million (121-138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2 center dot 1-canonically considered replacement-level fertility-in 94 (46 center dot 1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29 center dot 2% [28 center dot 7-29 center dot 6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1 center dot 83 (1 center dot 59-2 center dot 08) in 2050 and 1 center dot 59 (1 center dot 25-1 center dot 96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24 center dot 0%) in 2050 and only six (2 center dot 9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41 center dot 3% (39 center dot 6-43 center dot 1) in 2050 and 54 center dot 3% (47 center dot 1-59 center dot 5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions-decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24 center dot 8% (23 center dot 7-25 center dot 8) in 2021 to 16 center dot 7% (14 center dot 3-19 center dot 1) in 2050 and 7 center dot 1% (4 center dot 4-10 center dot 1) in 2100-but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1 center dot 65 (1 center dot 40-1 center dot 92) in 2050 and 1 center dot 62 (1 center dot 35-1 center dot 95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.Interpretation Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world.
article Global Fertility In 204 Countries And Territories, 1950–2021, With Forecasts To 2100: A Comprehensive Demographic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2021	Bhattacharjee N.V.; Schumacher A.E.; Aali A.; Abate Y.H.; Abbasgholizadeh R.; Abbasian M.; Abbasi-Kangevari M.; Abbastabar H.; ElHafeez S.A.; Abd-Elsalam S.; Abdollahi M.; Abdollahifar M.-A.; Abdoun M.; Abdullahi A.; Abebe M.; Abebe S.S.; Abiodun O.; Abolhassani H.; Abolmaali M.; Abouzid M.; Aboye G.B.; Abreu L.G.; Abrha W.A.; Abrigo M.R.M.; Abtahi D.; Abualruz H.; Abubakar B.; Abu-Gharbieh E.; Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E.; Adal T.G.G.; Adane M.M.; Adeagbo O.A.A.; Adedoyin R.A.; Adekanmbi V.; Aden B.; Adepoju A.V.; Adetokunboh O.O.; Adetunji J.B.; Adeyinka D.A.; Adeyomoye O.I.; Adnani Q.E.S.; Adra S.; Afolabi R.F.; Afyouni S.; Afzal M.S.; Afzal S.; Aghamiri S.; Agodi A.; Agyemang-Duah W.; Ahinkorah B.O.; Ahlstrom A.J.; Ahmad A.; Ahmad D.; Ahmad F.; Ahmad M.M.; Ahmad S.; Ahmad T.; Ahmed A.; Ahmed A.; Ahmed H.; Ahmed L.A.; Ahmed M.S.; Ahmed S.A.; Ajami M.; Aji B.; Akalu G.T.; Akbarialiabad H.; Akinyemi R.O.; Akkaif M.A.; Akkala S.; Al Hamad H.; Al Hasan S.M.; Qadire M.A.; AL-Ahdal T.M.A.; Alalalmeh S.O.; Alalwan T.A.; Al-Aly Z.; Alam K.; Al-Amer R.M.; Alanezi F.M.; Alanzi T.M.; Albakri A.; Albashtawy M.; AlBataineh M.T.; Alemi H.; Alemi S.; Alemu Y.M.; Al-Eyadhy A.; Al-Gheethi A.A.S.; Alhabib K.F.; Alhajri N.; Alhalaiqa F.A.N.; Alhassan R.K.; Ali A.; Ali B.A.; Ali L.; Ali M.U.; Ali R.; Ali S.S.S.; Alif S.M.; Aligol M.; Alijanzadeh M.; Aljasir M.A.M.; Aljunid S.M.; Al-Marwani S.; Almazan J.U.; Al-Mekhlafi H.M.; Almidani O.; Alomari M.A.; Al-Omari B.; Alqahtani J.S.; Alqutaibi A.Y.; Al-Raddadi R.M.; Al-Sabah S.K.; Altaf A.; Al-Tawfiq J.A.; Altirkawi K.A.; Aluh D.O.; Alvi F.J.; Alvis-Guzman N.; Alwafi H.; Al-Worafi Y.M.; Aly H.; Aly S.; Alzoubi K.H.; Ameyaw E.K.; Amin T.T.; Amindarolzarbi A.; Amini-Rarani M.; Amiri S.; Ampomah I.G.; Amugsi D.A.; Amusa G.A.; Ancuceanu R.; Anderlini D.; Andrade P.P.; Andrei C.L.; Andrei T.; 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The Lancet, 2024
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea The Lancet 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00550-6 Abstract Background: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. Methods: To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. Findings: During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. Interpretation: Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
article The State Of Health In The European Union (Eu-27) In 2019: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2019	Santos Joao Vasco; Padron-Monedero Alicia; Bikbov Boris; Grad Diana Alecsandra; Plass Dietrich; Mechili Enkeleint A.; Gazzelloni Federica; Fischer Florian; Sulo Gerhard; Ngwa Che Henry; Noguer-Zambrano Isabel; Penalvo Jose L.; Haagsma Juanita A.; Kissimova-Skarbek Katarzyna; Monasta Lorenzo; Ghith Nermin; Sarmiento-Suarez Rodrigo; Hrzic Rok; Haneef Romana; O'Caoimh Ronan; Cuschieri Sarah; Mondello Stefania; Kabir Zubair; Abbafati Cristiana; Abolhassani Hassan; Adekanmbi Victor; Ahmadi Keivan; Ahmadi Sepideh; Al-Jumaily Adel; Alla Francois; Alonso Jordi; Ancuceanu Robert; Andrei Catalina Liliana; Andrei Tudorel; Androudi Sofia; Anto Josep M.; Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw; Aremu Olatunde; Armocida Benedetta; Aernloev Johan; Arumugam Ashokan; Attia Sameh; Aujayeb Avinash; Ausloos Marcel; Ayuso-Mateos Jose L.; Banach Maciej; Baernighausen Till Winfried; Barone-Adesi Francesco; Barteit Sandra; Basu Sanjay; Baune Bernhard T.; Beghi Massimiliano; Belo Luis; Bennett Derrick A.; Biondi Antonio; Bohluli Mahdi; do Nascimento Israel Junior Borges; Bragazzi Nicola Luigi; Braithwaite Tasanee; Brenner Hermann; Buonsenso Danilo; Busse Reinhard; Calina Daniela; Carreras Giulia; Carvalho Marcia; Castelpietra Giulio; Catapano Alberico L.; Cattaruzza Maria Sofia; Chandan Joht Singh; Charalampous Periklis; Chattu Vijay Kumar; Chen Simiao; Chowdhury Rajiv; Christensen Hanne; Chung Sheng-Chia; Conde Joao; Corso Barbara; Cruz-Martins Natalia; Damiani Giovanni; de la Torre-luque Alejandro; Demetriades Andreas K.; Dervenis Nikolaos; Dianatinasab Mostafa; da Silva Diana Dias; Douiri Abdel; Edvardsson David; Bain Luchuo Engelbert; Esposito Francesco; Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis; Farinha Carla Sofia e Sa; Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes Joao C.; Ferrara Pietro; Gaal Peter Andras; Gallus Silvano; Galluzzo Lucia; Fonseca Mariana Gaspar; Gazzard Gus; Gialluisi Alessandro; Giampaoli Simona; Gill Paramjit Singh; Glasbey James C.; Gorini Giuseppe; Grivna Michal; Hafiz Abdul; Haro Josep Maria; Hartvigsen Jan; Hay Simon I.; Heibati Behzad; Hillus David; Hosseinzadeh Mehdi; Hostiuc Mihaela; Hostiuc Sorin; Hussain Salman; Isola Gaetano; Johnson Olatunji; Jonas Jost B.; Joo Tamas; Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy; Juerisson Mikk; Karanikolos Marina; Kauppila Joonas H.; Khan Moien A. B.; Khatab Khaled; Klugar Miloslav; Koyanagi Ai; Kurmi Om P.; Kusuma Dian; La Vecchia Carlo; Lacey Ben; Lamnisos Demetris; Larson Heidi Jane; Larsson Anders O.; Lasrado Savita; Lauriola Paolo; Lazarus Jeffrey V.; Ledda Caterina; Lee Paul H.; Leinsalu Mall; Leonardi Matilde; Levi Miriam; Li An; Linehan Christine; Logroscino Giancarlo; Lorkowski Stefan; Loureiro Joana A.; Lyons Ronan A.; Madureira-Carvalho Aurea M.; Majeed Azeem; Mathioudakis Alexander G.; McAlinden Colm; McGrath John J.; Menezes Ritesh G.; Mentis Alexios-Fotios A.; Meretoja Atte; Meretoja Tuomo J.; Mestrovic Tomislav; Jonasson Junmei Miao; Miazgowski Bartosz; Miazgowski Tomasz; Mirica Andreea; Mohammed Shafiu; Mokdad Ali H.; Mons Ute; Morgado-da-Costa Joana; Mulita Francesk; Murray Christopher J. L.; Negoi Ionut; Negoi Ruxandra Irina; Negru Serban Mircea; Nena Evangelia; Noor Nurulamin M.; Ntaios George; Oancea Bogdan; Osei Frank B.; Otoiu Adrian; Palladino Raffaele; Panda-Jonas Songhomitra; Pardhan Shahina; Patel Jay; Paun Mihaela; Pedersini Paolo; Pensato Umberto; Pereira Renato B.; Perez-Gomez Jorge; Perico Norberto; Petcu Ionela-Roxana; Peterson Carrie B.; Pinheiro Marina; Postma Maarten J.; Raggi Alberto; Rahmani Amir Masoud; Rao Chythra R.; Rawaf Salman; Rawassizadeh Reza; Remuzzi Giuseppe; Riad Abanoub; Sacco Simona; Saeb Mohammad Reza; Sathian Brijesh; Sattin Davide; Scarmeas Nikolaos; Schwendicke Falk; Shiri Rahman; Shivarov Velizar; Sibhatu Kibrom T.; Simonetti Biagio; Skou Soren T.; Soriano Joan B.; Soyiri Ireneous N.; Steel Nicholas; Stefan Simona Catalina; Steinbeis Fridolin; Steiropoulos Paschalis; Stockfelt Leo; Stranges Saverio; Sundstroem Johan; Tabares-Seisdedos Rafael; Thiyagarajan Arulmani; Topor-Madry Roman; Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto; Tsilimparis Nikolaos; Unim Brigid; Vacante Marco; van den Eynde Jef; Vasankari Tommi Juhani; Veroux Massimiliano; Villafane Jorge Hugo; Violante Francesco S.; Wang Yanzhong; Westerman Ronny; Wolfe Charles D. A.; Wyper Grant M. A.; Yaya Sanni; Zadnik Vesna; Zeitoun Jean-David; Zumla Alimuddin; Freitas Alberto; Devleesschauwer Brecht	Bmc Public Health, 2024
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Mihaela Paun Bmc Public Health 10.1186/s12889-024-18529-3 Abstract Background The European Union (EU) faces many health-related challenges. Burden of diseases information and the resulting trends over time are essential for health planning. This paper reports estimates of disease burden in the EU and individual 27 EU countries in 2019, and compares them with those in 2010.Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals for the whole EU and each country to evaluate age-standardised death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates for Level 2 causes, as well as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE).Results In 2019, the age-standardised death and DALY rates in the EU were 465.8 deaths and 20,251.0 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were significant decreases in age-standardised death and YLL rates across EU countries. However, YLD rates remained mainly unchanged. The largest decreases in age-standardised DALY rates were observed for HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases and transport injuries (each -19%). Diabetes and kidney diseases showed a significant increase for age-standardised DALY rates across the EU (3.5%). In addition, mental disorders showed an increasing age-standardised YLL rate (14.5%).Conclusions There was a clear trend towards improvement in the overall health status of the EU but with differences between countries. EU health policymakers need to address the burden of diseases, paying specific attention to causes such as mental disorders. There are many opportunities for mutual learning among otherwise similar countries with different patterns of disease. center dot This article, systematically analysing GBD 2019 study estimates, presents an overview of the state of health in the European Union in 2019, compared to 2010.center dot There was an improvement in the overall health status of the EU, despite substantial differences between Member States.center dot Cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms are the major contributors to the overall burden of diseases in the EU in 2019.center dot The age-standardised rate of years lived with disability due to mental disorders has been increasing and is expected to increase even more because of the COVID-19 pandemic.center dot This report provides a framework upon which to base further region- and country-specific health policies and interventions, to support health planning and priority setting.
article Global Investments In Pandemic Preparedness And Covid-19: Development Assistance And Domestic Spending On Health Between 1990 And 2026	Micah Angela E.; Bhangdia Kayleigh; Cogswell Ian E.; Lasher Dylan; Lidral-Porter Brendan; Maddison Emilie R.; Nguyen Trang Nhu Ngoc; Patel Nishali; Pedroza Paola; Solorio Juan; Stutzman Hayley; Tsakalos Golsum; Wang Yifeng; Warriner Wesley; Zhao Yingxi; Zlavog Bianca S.; Abbafati Cristiana; Abbas Jaffar; Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen; Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab; Abdelmasseh Michael; Abdulah Deldar Morad; Abedi Aidin; Abegaz Kedir Hussein; Abhilash E. S.; Aboagye Richard Gyan; Abolhassani Hassan; Abrigo Michael R. M.; Ali Hiwa Abubaker; Abu-Gharbieh Eman; Adem Mohammed Hussien; Afzal Muhammad Sohail; Ahmadi Ali; Ahmed Haroon; Rashid Tarik Ahmed; Aji Budi; Akbarialiabad Hossein; Akelew Yibeltal; Al Hamad Hanadi; Alam Khurshid; Alanezi Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi Turki M.; Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled; Alhassan Robert Kaba; Aljunid Syed Mohamed; Almustanyir Sami; Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J.; Amare Azmeraw T.; Ameyaw Edward Kwabena; Amini-Rarani Mostafa; Amu Hubert; Ancuceanu Robert; Andrei Tudorel; Anwar Sumadi Lukman; Appiah Francis; Aqeel Muhammad; Arabloo Jalal; Arab-Zozani Morteza; Aravkin Aleksandr Y.; Aremu Olatunde; Aruleba Raphael Taiwo; Athari Seyyed Shamsadin; Avila-Burgos Leticia; Ayanore Martin Amogre; Azari Samad; Baig Atif Amin; Bantie Abere Tilahun; Barrow Amadou; Baskaran Pritish; Basu Sanjay; Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad; Baune Bernhard T.; Berezvai Zombor; Bhardwaj Nikha; Bhardwaj Pankaj; Bhaskar Sonu; Boachie Micheal Kofi; Bodolica Virginia; Botelho Botelho Joao Silva; Braithwaite Dejana; Breitborde Nicholas J. K.; Busse Reinhard; Cahuana-Hurtado Lucero; Catala-Lopez Ferran; Chansa Collins; Charan Jaykaran; Chattu Vijay Kumar; Chen Simiao; Chukwu Isaac Sunday; Dadras Omid; Dandona Lalit; Dandona Rakhi; Dargahi Abdollah; Debela Sisay Abebe; Denova-Gutierrez Edgar; Desye Belay; Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda; Diao Nancy; Linh Phuong Doan; Dodangeh Milad; dos Santos Wendel Mombaque; Doshmangir Leila; Dube John; Eini Ebrahim; Zaki Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi Maha; Enyew Daniel Berhanie; Eskandarieh Sharareh; Asar Mohamad Ezati; Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis; Faraon Emerito Jose A.; Fatehizadeh Ali; Fattahi Hamed; Fekadu Ginenus; Fischer Florian; Foigt Nataliya A.; Fowobaje Kayode Raphael; Freitas Alberto; Fukumoto Takeshi; Fullman Nancy; Gaal Peter Andras; Gamkrelidze Amiran; Garcia-Gordillo M. A.; Gebrehiwot Mesfin; Gerema Urge; Ghafourifard Mansour; Ghamari Seyyed-Hadi; Ghanbari Reza; Ghashghaee Ahmad; Gholamrezanezhad Ali; Golechha Mahaveer; Golinelli Davide; Goshu Yitayal Ayalew; Goyomsa Girma Garedew; Guha Avirup; Gunawardane Damitha Asanga; Gupta Bhawna; Hamidi Samer; Harapan Harapan; Hashempour Reza; Hayat Khezar; Heidari Golnaz; Heredia-Pi Ileana; Herteliu Claudiu; Heyi Demisu Zenbaba; Hezam Kamal; Hiraike Yuta; Hlongwa Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni; Holla Ramesh; Hoque Mohammad Enamul; Hosseinzadeh Mehdi; Hostiuc Sorin; Hussain Salman; Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen; Immurana Mustapha; Iradukunda Arnaud; Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola Gaetano; Merin Linda J.; Jakovljevic Mihajlo; Jalili Mahsa; Janodia Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri Tahereh; Jayapal Sathish Kumar; Jemere Digisie Mequanint; Joo Tamas; Joseph Nitin; Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson Mikk; Kaambwa Billingsley; Kadashetti Vidya; Kadel Rajendra; Kadir Dler Hussein; Kalankesh Laleh R.; Kamath Rajesh; Kandel Himal; Kantar Rami S.; Karanth Shama D.; Karaye Ibraheem M.; Karimi Salah Eddin; Kassa Bekalu Getnet; Kayode Gbenga A.; Keikavoosi-Arani Leila; Keshri Vikash Ranjan; Keskin Cumali; Khader Yousef Saleh; Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif; Khajuria Himanshu; Kashani Hamid Reza Khayat; Kifle Zemene Demelash; Kim Hanna; Kim Jihee; Kim Min Seo; Kim Yun Jin; Kisa Adnan; Kohler Stefan; Kompani Farzad; Kosen Soewarta; Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi Ai; Krishan Kewal; Kusuma Dian; Lam Judit; Lamnisos Demetris; Larsson Anders O.; Lee Sang-woong; Lee Shaun Wen Huey; Lee Wei-Chen; Lee Yo Han; Lenzi Jacopo; Lim Lee-Ling; Lorenzovici Laszlo; Lozano Rafael; Machado Machado Vanessa Sintra; Madadizadeh Farzan; Abd El Razek Mohammed Magdy; Mahmoudi Razzagh; Majeed Azeem; Malekpour Mohammad-Reza; Manda Ana Laura; Mansouri Borhan; Mansournia Mohammad Ali; Mantovani Lorenzo Giovanni; Marrugo Arnedo Carlos Alberto; Martorell Miquel; Masoud Ali; Mathews Elezebeth; Maude Richard James; Mechili Enkeleint A.; Nasab Entezar Mehrabi; Joao Mendes Mendes Jose Joao; Meretoja Atte; Meretoja Tuomo J.; Mesregah Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic Tomislav; Mirica Andreea; Mirrakhimov Erkin M.; Mirutse Mizan Kiros; Mirza Moonis; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad; Misganaw Awoke; Moccia Marcello; Moghadasi Javad; Mohammadi Esmaeil; Mohammadi Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah; Mohammadshahi Marita; Mohammed Shafiu; Mohseni Mohammad; Mokdad Ali H.; Monasta Lorenzo; Mossialos Elias; Mostafavi Ebrahim; Isfahani Haleh Mousavi; Mpundu-Kaambwa Christine; Murthy Shruti; Muthupandian Saravanan; Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naidoo Kovin S.; Naimzada Mukhammad David; Nangia Vinay; Naqvi Atta Abbas; Nayak Biswa Prakash; Ndejjo Rawlance; Nguyen Trang Huyen; Noroozi Nafise; Noubiap Jean Jacques; Nuruzzaman Khan M.; Nzoputam Chimezie Igwegbe; Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet; Oancea Bogdan; Obi Felix Chukwudi Abrahams; Ogunkoya Abiola; Oh In-Hwan; Okonji Osaretin Christabel; Olagunju Andrew T.; Olagunju Tinuke O.; Olakunde Babayemi Oluwaseun; Bali Ahmed Omar; Onwujekwe Obinna E.; Opio John Nelson; Otoiu Adrian; Otstavnov Nikita; Otstavnov Stanislav S.; Owolabi Mayowa O.; Palicz Tamas; Palladino Raffaele; Pana Adrian; Parekh Tarang; Pasupula Deepak Kumar; Patel Jay; Patton George C.; Paudel Uttam; Paun Mihaela; Pawar Shrikant; Perna Simone; Perumalsamy Navaraj; Petcu Ionela-Roxana; Piracha Zahra Zahid; Poursadeqiyan Mohsen; Pourtaheri Naeimeh; Prada Sergio I.; Rafiei Sima; Raghav Pankaja Raghav; Rahim Fakher; Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman Mosiur; Rahmani Amir Masoud; Ranabhat Chhabi Lal; Raru Temam Beshir; Rashedi Sina; Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi; Ravangard Ramin; Rawaf Salman; Rawassizadeh Reza; Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Reiner Robert C. Jr.; Renzaho Andre M. N.; Rezaei Maryam; Rezaei Nazila; Riaz Mavra A.; Buendia Rodriguez Jefferson Antonio; Saad Aly M. A.; Saddik Basema; Sadeghian Saeid; Saeb Mohammad Reza; Saeed Umar; Sahu Maitreyi; Saki Morteza; Salamati Payman; Salari Hedayat; Salehi Sana; Samy Abdallah M.; Sanabria Juan; Sanmarchi Francesco; Santos Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic Milena M.; Sao Jose Bruno Piassi; Sarikhani Yaser; Sathian Brijesh; Satpathy Maheswar; Savic Miloje; Sayadi Yaser; Schwendicke Falk; Senthilkumaran Subramanian; Sepanlou Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori Edson; Setshegetso Naomi; Seylani Allen; Shahabi Saeed; Shaikh Masood Ali; Shakhmardanov Murad Ziyaudinovich; Shanawaz Mohd; Sharew Mequannent Melaku Sharew; Sharew Nigussie Tadesse; Sharma Rajesh; Shayan Maryam; Sheikh Aziz; Shenoy Suchitra M.; Shetty Adithi; Shetty Pavanchand H.; Shivakumar K. M.; Lopes Rodrigues Silva Luis Manuel; Simegn Wudneh; Singh Jasvinder A.; Singh Kuldeep; Skhvitaridze Natia; Skryabin Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna; Socea Bogdan; Solomon Yonatan; Song Suhang; Stefan Simona Catalina; Suleman Muhammad; Tabares-Seisdedos Rafael; Tat Nathan Y.; Tat Vivian Y.; Tefera Belay Negash; Tichopad Ales; Tobe-Gai Ruoyan; Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto; Car Lorainne Tudor; Tufa Derara Girma; Vasankari Tommi Juhani; Vasic Milena; Vervoort Dominique; Vlassov Vasily; Bay Vo; Linh Gia Vu; Waheed Yasir; Wamai Richard G.; Wang Cong; Wassie Gizachew Tadesse; Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana; Yaya Sanni; Yigit Arzu; Yigit Vahit; Yonemoto Naohiro; Younis Mustafa Z.; Yu Chuanhua; Yunusa Ismaeel; Zaki Leila; Zaman Burhan Abdullah; Zangeneh Alireza; Dehnavi Ali Zare; Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich; Zeng Wu; Zhang Zhi-Jiang; Zuhlke Liesl J.; Zuniga Yves Miel H.; Hay Simon I.; Murray Christopher J. L.; Dieleman Joseph L.	Lancet Global Health, 2023
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Mihaela Paun Lancet Global Health 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00007-4 Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9 center dot 2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9 center dot 1-9 center dot 3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7 center dot 3 trillion (95% UI 7 center dot 2-7 center dot 4) in 2019; 293 center dot 7 times the $24 center dot 8 billion (95% UI 24 center dot 3-25 center dot 3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43 center dot 1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1 center dot 8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37 center dot 8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12 center dot 2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health -related COVID-19 response is 252 center dot 2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11-21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained.
article Urban Green Index Estimation Based On Data Collected By Remote Sensing For Romanian Cities	Necula Marian; Andrei Tudorel; Oancea Bogdan; Paun Mihaela	Romanian Statistical Review, 2023
INCDSB Authors Marian Necula Bogdan Oancea Mihaela Paun Romanian Statistical Review Abstract The modernization of official statistics involves the use of new data sources, such as data collected through remote sensing. The document contains a description of how an urban green index, derived from the SDG 11.7 objective, was obtained for Romania's 41 county seat cities based on free data sets collected by remote sensing from the European and North American space agencies. The main result is represented by an estimate of the areas of surfaces covered with vegetation for the 40 county seat towns and the municipality of Bucharest, relative to the total surface. To estimate the area covered with vegetation, we used two data sets obtained by remote sensing, namely data provided by the MODIS mission, the TERRA satellite, and data provided by the Sentinel 2 mission from the Copernicus space program. Based on the results obtained, namely the surface area covered with vegetation, estimated in square kilometers, and the percentage of the total surface area or urban green index, we have created a national top of the county seat cities.
article The Global Burden Of Cancer Attributable To Risk Factors, 2010-19: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2019	Khanh Bao Tran; Lang Justin J.; Compton Kelly; Xu Rixing; Acheson Alistair R.; Henrikson Hannah Jacqueline; Kocarnik Jonathan M.; Penberthy Louise; Aali Amirali; Abbas Qamar; Abbasi Behzad; Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen; Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab; Abbastabar Hedayat; Abdelmasseh Michael; Abd-Elsalam Sherief; Abdelwahab Ahmed Abdelwahab; Abdoli Gholamreza; Abdulkadir Hanan Abdulkadir; Abedi Aidin; Abegaz Kedir Hussein; Abidi Hassan; Aboagye Richard Gyan; Abolhassani Hassan; Absalan Abdorrahim; Abtew Yonas Derso; Ali Hiwa Abubaker; Abu-Gharbieh Eman; Achappa Basavaprabhu; Acuna Juan Manuel; Addison Daniel; Addo Isaac Yeboah; Adegboye Oyelola A.; Adesina Miracle Ayomikun; Adnan Mohammad; Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Advani Shailesh M.; Afrin Sumia; Afzal Muhammad Sohail; Aggarwal Manik; Ahinkorah Bright Opoku; Ahmad Araz Ramazan; Ahmad Rizwan; Ahmad Sohail; Ahmadi Sepideh; Ahmed Haroon; Ahmed Luai A.; Ahmed Muktar Beshir; Rashid Tarik Ahmed; Aiman Wajeeha; Ajami Marjan; Akalu Gizachew Taddesse; Akbarzadeh-Khiavi Mostafa; Aklilu Addis; Akonde Maxwell; Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad Hanadi; Alahdab Fares; Alanezi Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi Turki M.; Alessy Saleh Ali; Algammal Abdelazeem M.; Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled; Alhassan Robert Kaba; Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali Liaqat; Ali Syed Shujait; Alimohamadi Yousef; Alipour Vahid; Aljunid Syed Mohamed; Alkhayyat Motasem; Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali; Almustanyir Sami; Alonso Nivaldo; Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin; Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.; Al-Rifai Rami H. Hani; Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah; Al-Tammemi Alaa B.; Altawalah Haya; Alvis-Guzman Nelson; Amare Firehiwot; Ameyaw Edward Kwabena; Dehkordi Javad Javad Aminian; Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein; Amu Hubert; Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi; Ancuceanu Robert; Anderson Jason A.; Animut Yaregal Animut; Anoushiravani Amir; Anoushirvani Ali Arash; Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza; Ansha Mustafa Geleto; Antony Benny; Antwi Maxwell Hubert; Anwar Sumadi Lukman; Anwer Razique; Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward; Arabloo Jalal; Arab-Zozani Morteza; Aremu Olatunde; Argaw Ayele Mamo; Ariffin Hany; Aripov Timur; Arshad Muhammad; Al Artaman; Arulappan Judie; Aruleba Raphael Taiwo; Aryannejad Armin; Asaad Malke; Asemahagn Mulusew A.; Asemi Zatollah; Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad; Ashraf Tahira; Assadi Reza; Athar Mohammad; Athari Seyyed Shamsadin; Null Maha Mohd Wahbi Atout; Attia Sameh; Aujayeb Avinash; Ausloos Marcel; Avila-Burgos Leticia; Awedew Atalel Fentahun; Awoke Mamaru Ayenew; Awoke Tewachew; Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayana Tegegn Mulatu; Ayen Solomon Shitu; Azadi Davood; Null Sina Azadnajafabad; Azami-Aghdash Saber; Azanaw Melkalem Mamuye; Azangou-Khyavy Mohammadreza; Jafari Amirhossein Azari; Azizi Hosein; Azzam Ahmed Y. Y.; Babajani Amirhesam; Badar Muhammad; Badiye Ashish D.; Baghcheghi Nayereh; Bagheri Nader; Bagherieh Sara; Bahadory Saeed; Baig Atif Amin; Baker Jennifer L.; Bakhtiari Ahad; Bakshi Ravleen Kaur; Banach Maciej; Banerjee Indrajit; Bardhan Mainak; Barone-Adesi Francesco; Barra Fabio; Barrow Amadou; Bashir Nasir Z.; Bashiri Azadeh; Basu Saurav; Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad; Begum Aeysha; Bekele Alehegn Bekele; Belay Alemayehu Sayih; Belete Melaku Ashagrie; Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal; Bell Arielle Wilder; Belo Luis; Benzian Habib; Berhie Alemshet Yirga; Bermudez Amiel Nazer C.; Bernabe Eduardo; Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth; Bhala Neeraj; Bhandari Bharti Bhandari; Bhardwaj Nikha; Bhardwaj Pankaj; Bhattacharyya Krittika; Bhojaraja Vijayalakshmi S.; Bhuyan Soumitra S.; Bibi Sadia; Bilchut Awraris Hailu; Bintoro Bagas Suryo; Biondi Antonio; Birega Mesfin Geremaw Birega; Birhan Habitu Eshetu; Bjorge Tone; Blyuss Oleg; Bodicha Belay Boda Abule; Bolla Srinivasa Rao; Boloor Archith; Bosetti Cristina; Braithwaite Dejana; Brauer Michael; Brenner Hermann; Briko Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko Nikolay Ivanovich; Buchanan Christina Maree; Bulamu Norma B.; Bustamante-Teixeira Maria Teresa; Butt Muhammad Hammad; Butt Nadeem Shafique; Butt Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano; Camera Luis Alberto; Cao Chao; Cao Yin; Carreras Giulia; Carvalho Marcia; Cembranel Francieli; Cerin Ester; Chakraborty Promit Ananyo; Charalampous Periklis; Chattu Vijay Kumar; Chimed-Ochir Odgerel; Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo; Cho Daniel Youngwhan; Cho William C. S.; Christopher Devasahayam J.; Chu Dinh-Toi; Chukwu Isaac Sunday; Cohen Aaron J.; Conde Joao; Cortas Sandra; Costa Vera Marisa; Cruz-Martins Natalia; Culbreth Garland T.; Dadras Omid; Dagnaw Fentaw Teshome; Dahlawi Saad M. A.; Dai Xiaochen; Dandona Lalit; Dandona Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad Parnaz; Danielewicz Anna; An Thi Minh Dao; Soltani Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh; Darwesh Aso Mohammad; Das Saswati; Davitoiu Dragos Virgil; Esmaeili Elham Davtalab; De la Hoz Fernando Pio; Debela Sisay Abebe; Dehghan Azizallah; Demisse Biniyam; Demisse Fitsum Wolde; DenovaGutiA Edgar; Derakhshani Afshin; Molla Meseret Derbew; Dereje Diriba; Deribe Kalkidan Solomon; Desai Rupak; Desalegn Markos Desalegn; Dessalegn Fikadu Nugusu; Dessalegni Samuel Abebe A.; Dessie Gashaw; Desta Abebaw Alemayehu; Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman; Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda; Dhimal Meghnath; Dianatinasab Mostafa; Diao Nancy; Diaz Daniel; Digesa Lankamo Ena; Dixit Shilpi Gupta; Doaei Saeid; Linh Phuong Doan; Doku Paul Narh; Dongarwar Deepa; dos Santos Wendel Mombaque; Driscoll Tim Robert; Dsouza Haneil Larson; Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher; Edalati Sareh; Eghbalian Fatemeh; Ehsani-Chimeh Elham; Eini Ebrahim; Ekholuenetale Michael; Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus; Ekwueme Donatus U.; El Tantawi Maha; Elbahnasawy Mostafa Ahmed; Elbarazi Iffat; Elghazaly Hesham; Elhadi Muhammed; El-Huneidi Waseem; Emamian Mohammad Hassan; Bain Luchuo Engelbert; Enyew Daniel Berhanie; Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj; Eshetu Tegegne; Eshrati Babak; Eskandarieh Sharareh; Espinosa-Montero Juan; Etaee Farshid; Etemadimanesh Azin; Eyayu Tahir; Ezeonwumelu Ifeanyi Jude; Ezzikouri Sayeh; Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis; Fahimi Saman; Fakhradiyev Ildar Ravisovich; Faraon Emerito Jose A.; Fares Jawad; Farmany Abbas; Farooque Umar; Farrokhpour Hossein; Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara; Fatehizadeh Ali; Fatima Wafa; Fattahi Hamed; Fekadu Ginenus; Feleke Berhanu Elfu; Ferrari Allegra Allegra; Ferrero Simone; Desideri Lorenzo Ferro; Filip Irina; Fischer Florian; Foroumadi Roham; Foroutan Masoud; Fukumoto Takeshi; Gaal Peter Andras; Gad Mohamed M.; Gadanya Muktar A.; Gaipov Abduzhappar; Galehdar Nasrin; Gallus Silvano; Garg Tushar; Fonseca Mariana Gaspar; Gebremariam Yosef Haile; Gebremeskel Teferi Gebru; Gebremichael Mathewos Alemu; Geda Yohannes Fikadu; Gela Yibeltal Yismaw; Gemeda Belete Negese Belete; Getachew Melaku; Getachew Motuma Erena; Ghaffari Kazem; Ghafourifard Mansour; Ghamari Seyyed-Hadi; Nour Mohammad Ghasemi; Ghassemi Fariba; Ghimire Ajnish; Ghith Nermin; Gholamalizadeh Maryam; Navashenaq Jamshid Gholizadeh; Ghozy Sherief; Gilani Syed Amir; Gill Paramjit Singh; Ginindza Themba G.; Gizaw Abraham Tamirat T.; Glasbey James C.; Godos Justyna; Goel Amit; Golechha Mahaveer; Goleij Pouya; Golinelli Davide; Golitaleb Mohamad; Gorini Giuseppe; Goulart Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grosso Giuseppe; Guadie Habtamu Alganeh; Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudayu Temesgen Worku; Guerra Maximiliano Ribeiro; Gunawardane Damitha Asanga; Gupta Bhawna; Gupta Sapna; Gupta VeerBala; Gupta Vivek Kumar; Gurara Mekdes Kondale; Guta Alemu; Habibzadeh Parham; Avval Atlas Haddadi; Hafezi-Nejad Nima; Ali Adel Hajj; Haj-Mirzaian Arvin; Halboub Esam S.; Halimi Aram; Halwani Rabih; Hamadeh Randah R.; Hameed Sajid; Hamidi Samer; Hanif Asif; Hariri Sanam; Harlianto Netanja I; Haro Josep Maria; Hartono Risky Kusuma; Hasaballah Ahmed I; Hasan S. M. Mahmudul; Hasani Hamidreza; Hashemi Seyedeh Melika; Hassan Abbas M.; Hassanipour Soheil; Hayat Khezar; Heidari Golnaz; Heidari Mohammad; Heidarymeybodi Zahra; Herrera-Serna Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu Claudiu; Hezam Kamal; Hiraike Yuta; Hlongwa Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni; Holla Ramesh; Holm Marianne; Horita Nobuyuki; Hoseini Mohammad; Hossain Md Mahbub; Hossain Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Hosseini Mohammad-Salar; Hosseinzadeh Ali; Hosseinzadeh Mehdi; Hostiuc Mihaela; Hostiuc Sorin; Househ Mowafa; Huang Junjie; Hugo Fernando N.; Humayun Ayesha; Hussain Salman; Hussein Nawfal R.; Hwang Bing-Fang; Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel; Iftikhar Pulwasha Maria; Ikuta Kevin S.; Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen; Ilic Irena M.; Ilic Milena D.; Immurana Mustapha; Innos Kaire; Iranpour Pooya; Irham Lalu Muhammad; Islam Md Shariful; Islam Rakibul M.; Islami Farhad; Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola Gaetano; Iwagami Masao; Merin Linda J.; Jaiswal Abhishek; Jakovljevic Mihajlo; Jalili Mahsa; Jalilian Shahram; Jamshidi Elham; Jang Sung-In; Jani Chinmay T.; Javaheri Tahereh; Jayarajah Umesh Umesh; Jayaram Shubha; Jazayeri Seyed Behzad; Jebai Rime; Jemal Bedru; Jeong Wonjeong; Jha Ravi Prakash; Jindal Har Ashish; John-Akinola Yetunde O.; Jonas Jost B.; Joo Tamas; Joseph Nitin; Joukar Farahnaz; Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy; Jarisson Mikk; Kabir Ali; Kacimi Salah Eddine Oussama; Kadashetti Vidya; Kahe Farima; Kakodkar Pradnya Vishal; Kalankesh Leila R.; Kalhor Rohollah; Kamal Vineet Kumar; Kamangar Farin; Kamath Ashwin; Kanchan Tanuj; Kandaswamy Eswar; Kandel Himal; Kang HyeJung; Kanno Girum Gebremeskel; Kapoor Neeti; Kar Sitanshu Sekhar; Karanth Shama D.; Karaye Ibraheem M.; Karch AndrA; Karimi Amirali; Kassa Bekalu Getnet; Katoto Patrick D. M. C.; Kauppila Joonas H.; Kaur Harkiran; Kebede Abinet Gebremickael; Keikavoosi-Arani Leila; Kejela Gemechu Gemechu; Bohan Phillip M. Kemp; Keramati Maryam; Keykhaei Mohammad; Khajuria Himanshu; Khan Abbas; Khan Abdul Aziz Khan; Khan Ejaz Ahmad; Khan Gulfaraz; Khan Md Nuruzzaman; Ab Khan Moien; Khanali Javad; Khatab Khaled; Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad; Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh Maryam; Kashani Hamid Reza Khayat; Tabari Mohammad Amin Khazeei; Khezeli Mehdi; Khodadost Mahmoud; Kim Min Seo; Kim Yun Jin; Kisa Adnan; Kisa Sezer; Klugar Miloslav; Klugarova Jitka; Kolahi Ali-Asghar; Kolkhir Pavel; Kompani Farzad; Koul Parvaiz A.; Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi Ai; Krishan Kewal; Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj; Bicer Burcu Kucuk; Kugbey Nuworza; Kulimbet Mukhtar; Kumar Akshay; Kumar G. Anil; Kumar Narinder; Kurmi Om P.; Kuttikkattu Ambily; La Vecchia Carlo; Lahiri Arista; Lal Dharmesh Kumar; Lam Judit; Lan Qing; Landires Ivan; Larijani Bagher; Lasrado Savita; Lau Jerrald; Lauriola Paolo; Ledda Caterina; Lee Sang-woong; Lee Shaun Wen Huey; Lee Wei-Chen; Lee Yeong Yeh; Lee Yo Han; Legesse Samson Mideksa; Leigh James; Leong Elvynna; Li Ming-Chieh; Lim Stephen S.; Liu Gang; Liu Jue; Lo Chun-Han; Lohiya Ayush; Lopukhov Platon D.; Lorenzovici Laszla; Lotfi Mojgan; Loureiro Joana A.; Lunevicius Raimundas; Madadizadeh Farzan; Mafi Ahmad R.; Magdeldin Sameh; Mahjoub Soleiman; Mahmoodpoor Ata; Mahmoudi Morteza; Mahmoudimanesh Marzieh; Mahumud Rashidul Alam; Majeed Azeem; Majidpoor Jamal; Makki Alaa; Makris Konstantinos Christos; Rad Elaheh Malakan; Malekpour Mohammad-Reza; Malekzadeh Reza; Malik Ahmad Azam; Mallhi Tauqeer Hussain; Mallya Sneha Deepak; Mamun Mohammed A.; Manda Ana Laura; Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz; Mansouri Borhan; Mansournia Mohammad Ali; Mantovani Lorenzo Giovanni; Martini Santi; Martorell Miquel; Masoudi Sahar; Masoumi Seyedeh Zahra; Matei Clara N.; Mathews Elezebeth; Mathur Manu Raj; Mathur Vasundhara; McKee Martin; Meena Jitendra Kumar; Mehmood Khalid; Nasab Entezar Mehrabi; Mehrotra Ravi; Melese Addisu; Mendoza Walter; Menezes Ritesh G.; Mengesha SIsay Derso; Mensah Laverne G.; Mentis Alexios-Fotios A.; Mera-Mamian Andry Yasmid Mera; Meretoja Tuomo J.; Merid Mehari Woldemariam; Mersha Amanual Getnet; Meselu Belsity Temesgen; Meshkat Mahboobeh; Mestrovic Tomislav; Jonasson Junmei Miao; Miazgowski Tomasz; Michalek Irmina Maria; Mijena Gelana Fekadu Worku; Miller Ted R.; Mir Shabir Ahmad; Mirinezhad Seyed Kazem; Mirmoeeni Seyyedmohammadsadeq; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad; Mirzaei Hamed; Mirzaei Hamid Reza; Misganaw Abay Sisay; Misra Sanjeev; AbdulmuhsinMohammad Karzan; Mohammadi Esmaeil; Mohammadi Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah; Mohammadpourhodki Reza; Mohammed Arif; Mohammed Shafiu; Mohan Syam; Mohseni Mohammad; Moka Nagabhishek; Mokdad Ali H.; Molassiotis Alex; Molokhia Mariam; Momenzadeh Kaveh; Momtazmanesh Sara; Monasta Lorenzo; Mons Ute; Al Montasir Ahmed; Montazeri Fateme; Montero Arnulfo; Moosavi Mohammad Amin; Moradi Abdolvahab; Moradi Yousef; Sarabi Mostafa Moradi; Moraga Paula; Morawska Lidia; Morrison Shane Douglas; Morze Jakub; Mosapour Abbas; Mostafavi Ebrahim; Mousavi Seyyed Meysam; Isfahani Haleh Mousavi; Khaneghah Amin Mousavi; Mpundu-Kaambwa Christine; Mubarik Sumaira; Mulita Francesk; Munblit Daniel; Munro Sandra B.; Murillo-Zamora Efran; Musa Jonah; Nabhan Ashraf F.; Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagaraju Shankar Prasad; Nagel Gabriele; Naghipour Mohammadreza; Naimzada Mukhammad David; Nair Tapas Sadasivan; Naqvi Atta Abbas; Swamy Sreenivas Narasimha; Narayana Aparna Ichalangod; Nassereldine Hasan; Natto Zuhair S.; Nayak Biswa Prakash; Ndejjo Rawlance; Nduaguba Sabina Onyinye; Negash Wogene Wogene; Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria; Nejati Kazem; Kandel Sandhya Neupane; Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen; Niazi Robina Khan; Noor Nurulamin M.; Noori Maryam; Noroozi Nafise; Nouraei Hasti; Nowroozi Ali; Nunez-Samudio Virginia; Nzoputam Chimezie Igwegbe; Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet; Oancea Bogdan; Odukoya Oluwakemi Ololade; Oghenetega Onome Bright; Ogunsakin Ropo Ebenezer; Oguntade Ayodipupo Sikiru; Oh In-Hwan; Okati-Aliabad Hassan; Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul; Olagunju Andrew T.; Olagunju Tinuke O.; Olakunde Babayemi Oluwaseun; Olufadewa Isaac Iyinoluwa; Omer Emad; Omonisi Abidemi E. Emmanuel; Ong Sokking; Onwujekwe Obinna E.; Orru Hans; Otstavnov Stanislav S.; Oulhaj Abderrahim; Oumer Bilcha; Owopetu Oluwatomi Funbi; Oyinloye Babatunji Emmanuel; Mahesh P. A.; Padron-Monedero Alicia; Padubidri Jagadish Rao; Pakbin Babak; Pakshir Keyvan; Pakzad Reza; Palicz Tamas; Pana Adrian; Pandey Ashok; Pant Suman; Pardhan Shahina; Park Eun-Kee; Park Seoyeon; Patel Jay; Pati Siddhartha; Paudel Rajan; Paudel Uttam; Paun Mihaela; Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki; Peng Minjin; Pereira Jeevan; Pereira Renato B.; Perna Simone; Perumalsamy Navaraj; Pestell Richard G.; Pezzani Raffaele; Piccinelli Cristiano; Pillay Julian David; Piracha Zahra Zahid; Pischon Tobias; Postma Maarten J.; Langroudi Ashkan Pourabhari; Pourshams Akram; Pourtaheri Naeimeh; Prashant Akila; Qadir Mirza Muhammad Fahd; Syed Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee Mohammad; Rabiee Navid; Radfar Amir; Radhakrishnan Raghu Anekal; Radhakrishnan Venkatraman; Raeisi Mojtaba; Rafiee Ata; Rafiei Alireza; Raheem Nasiru; Rahim Fakher; Rahman Md Obaidur; Rahman Mosiur; Rahman Muhammad Aziz; Rahmani Amir Masoud; Rahmani Shayan; Rahmanian Vahid; Rajai Nazanin; Rajesh Aashish; Ram Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh Kiana; Rana Juwel; Ranabhat Kamal; Ranasinghe Priyanga; Rao Chythra R.; Rao Sowmya J.; Rashedi Sina; Rashidi Amirfarzan; Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi; Ratan Zubair Ahmed; Rawaf David Laith; Rawaf Salman; Rawal Lal; Rawassizadeh Reza; Razeghinia Mohammad Sadegh; Rehman Ashfaq Ur; Rehman Inayat Ur; Reitsma Marissa B.; Renzaho Andre M. N.; Rezaei Maryam; Rezaei Nima; Rezaei Saeid; Rezaeian Mohsen; Rezapour Aziz; Riad Abanoub; Rikhtegar Reza; Rios-Blancas Maria; Roberts Thomas J.; Rohloff Peter; Romero-Rodriguez Esperanza; Roshandel Gholamreza; Rwegerera Godfrey M.; Manjula S.; Saber-Ayad Maha Mohamed; Saberzadeh-Ardestani Bahar; Sabour Siamak; Saddik Basema; Sadeghi Erfan; Saeb Mohammad Reza; Saeed Umar; Safaei Mohsen; Safary Azam; Sahebazzamani Maryam; Sahebkar Amirhossein; Sahoo Harihar; Sajid Mirza Rizwan; Salari Hedayat; Salehi Sana; Salem Marwa Rashad; Salimzadeh Hamideh; Samodra Yoseph Leonardo; Samy Abdallah M.; Sanabria Juan; Sankararaman Senthilkumar; Sanmarchi Francesco; Santric-Milicevic Milena M.; Saqib Muhammad Arif Nadeem; Sarveazad Arash; Sarvi Fatemeh; Sathian Brijesh; Satpathy Maheswar; Sayegh Nicolas; Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola; Schwarzinger Michael; Sekerija Mario; Senthilkumaran Subramanian; Sepanlou Sadaf G.; Seylani Allen; Seyoum Kenbon; Sha Feng; Shafaat Omid; Shah Pritik A.; Shahabi Saeed; Shahid Izza; Shahrbaf Mohammad Amin; Shahsavari Hamid R.; Shaikh Masood Ali; Shaka Mohammed Feyisso; Shaker Elaheh; Shannawaz Mohammed; Sharew Mequannent Melaku Sharew; Sharifi Azam; Sharifi-Rad Javad; Sharma Purva; Shashamo Bereket Beyene; Sheikh Aziz; Sheikh Mahdi; Sheikhbahaei Sara; Sheikhi Rahim Ali; Sheikhy Ali; Shepherd Peter Robin; Shetty Adithi; Shetty Jeevan K.; Shetty Ranjitha S.; Shibuya Kenji; Shirkoohi Reza; Shirzad-Aski Hesamaddin; Shivakumar K. M.; Shivalli Siddharudha; Shivarov Velizar; Shobeiri Parnian; Varniab Zahra Shokri; Shorofi Seyed Afshin; Shrestha Sunil; Sibhat Migbar Mekonnen; Malleshappa SudeepK Siddappa; Sidemo Negussie Boti; Silva Diego Augusto Santos; Silva Luas Manuel Lopes Rodrigues; Julian Guilherme Silva; Silvestris Nicola; Simegn Wudneh; Singh Achintya Dinesh; Singh Ambrish; Singh Garima; Singh Harpreet; Singh Jasvinder A.; Singh Jitendra Kumar; Singh Paramdeep; Singh Surjit; Sinha Dhirendra Narain; Sinke Abiy H.; Siraj Md Shahjahan; Sitas Freddy; Siwal Samarjeet Singh; Skryabin Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna; Socea Bogdan; Soeberg Matthew J.; Sofi-Mahmudi Ahmad; Solomon Yonatan; Soltani-Zangbar Mohammad Sadegh; Song Suhang; Song Yimeng; Sorensen Reed J. D.; Soshnikov Sergey; Sotoudeh Houman; Sowe Alieu; Sufiyan Muawiyyah Babale; Suk Ryan; Suleman Muhammad; Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sultana Saima; Sur Daniel; Szacska Miklas; Tabaeian Seidamir Pasha; Tabares-Seisdedos Rafael; Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad; Tabuchi Takahiro; Tadbiri Hooman; Taheri Ensiyeh; Taheri Majid; Soodejani Moslem Taheri; Takahashi Ken; Talaat Iman M.; Tampa Mircea; Tan Ker-Kan; Tat Nathan Y.; Tat Vivian Y.; Tavakoli Arash; Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash; Tekalegn Yohannes; Tesfay Fisaha Haile; Thapar Rekha; Thavamani Aravind; Chandrasekar Viveksandeep Thoguluva; Thomas Nihal; Thomas Nikhil Kenny; Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera; Tiyuri Amir; Tollosa Daniel Nigusse; Topor-Madry Roman; Touvier Mathilde; Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto; Traini Eugenio; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Tripathy Jaya Prasad; Ukke Gebresilasea Gendisha; Ullah Irfan; Ullah Sana; Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran; Vacante Marco; Vaezi Maryam; Tahbaz Sahel Valadan; Valdez Pascual R.; Vardavas Constantine; Varthya Shoban Babu; Vaziri Siavash; Velazquez Diana Zuleika; Veroux Massimiliano; Villeneuve Paul J.; Violante Francesco S.; Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov Vasily; Vo Bay; Vu Linh Gia; Wadood Abdul Wadood; Waheed Yasir; Walde Mandaras Tariku; Wamai Richard G.; Wang Cong; Wang Fang; Wang Ning; Wang Yu; Ward Paul; Waris Abdul; Westerman Ronny; Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana; Woldemariam Melat; Woldu Berhanu; Xiao Hong; Xu Suowen; Xu Xiaoyue; Yadav Lalit; Jabbari Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yang Lin; Yazdanpanah Fereshteh; Yeshaw Yigizie; Yismaw Yazachew; Yonemoto Naohiro; Younis Mustafa Z.; Yousefi Zabihollah; Yousefian Fatemeh; Yu Chuanhua; Yu Yong; Yunusa Ismaeel; Zahir Mazyar; Zaki Nazar; Zaman Burhan Abdullah; Zangiabadian Moein; Zare Fariba; Zare Iman; Zareshahrabadi Zahra; Zarrintan Armin; Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich; Zeineddine Mohammad A.; Zhang Dongyu; Zhang Jianrong; Zhang Yunquan; Zhang Zhi-Jiang; Zhou Linghui; Zodpey Sanjay; Zoladl Mohammad; Vos Theo; Hay Simon I; Force Lisa M.; Murray Christopher J. L.	Lancet, 2022
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Mihaela Paun Lancet Abstract Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
article The Global Burden Of Cancer Attributable To Risk Factors, 2010–19: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2019	Tran K.B.; Lang J.J.; Compton K.; Xu R.; Acheson A.R.; Henrikson H.J.; Kocarnik J.M.; Penberthy L.; Aali A.; Abbas Q.; Abbasi B.; Abbasi-Kangevari M.; Abbasi-Kangevari Z.; Abbastabar H.; Abdelmasseh M.; Abd-Elsalam S.; Abdelwahab A.A.; Abdoli G.; Abdulkadir H.A.; Abedi A.; Abegaz K.H.; Abidi H.; Aboagye R.G.; Abolhassani H.; Absalan A.; Abtew Y.D.; Abubaker Ali H.; Abu-Gharbieh E.; Achappa B.; Acuna J.M.; Addison D.; Addo I.Y.; Adegboye O.A.; Adesina M.A.; Adnan M.; Adnani Q.E.S.; Advani S.M.; Afrin S.; Afzal M.S.; Aggarwal M.; Ahinkorah B.O.; Ahmad A.R.; Ahmad R.; Ahmad S.; Ahmad S.; Ahmadi S.; Ahmed H.; Ahmed L.A.; Ahmed M.B.; Rashid T.A.; Aiman W.; Ajami M.; Akalu G.T.; Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M.; Aklilu A.; Akonde M.; Akunna C.J.; Al Hamad H.; Alahdab F.; Alanezi F.M.; Alanzi T.M.; Alessy S.A.; Algammal A.M.; Al-Hanawi M.K.; Alhassan R.K.; Ali B.A.; Ali L.; Ali S.S.; Alimohamadi Y.; Alipour V.; Aljunid S.M.; Alkhayyat M.; Al-Maweri S.A.A.; Almustanyir S.; Alonso N.; Alqalyoobi S.; Al-Raddadi R.M.; Al-Rifai R.H.H.; Al-Sabah S.K.; Al-Tammemi A.B.; Altawalah H.; Alvis-Guzman N.; Amare F.; Ameyaw E.K.; Aminian Dehkordi J.J.; Amirzade-Iranaq M.H.; Amu H.; Amusa G.A.; Ancuceanu R.; Anderson J.A.; Animut Y.A.; Anoushiravani A.; Anoushirvani A.A.; Ansari-Moghaddam A.; Ansha M.G.; Antony B.; Antwi M.H.; Anwar S.L.; Anwer R.; Anyasodor A.E.; Arabloo J.; Arab-Zozani M.; Aremu O.; Argaw A.M.; Ariffin H.; Aripov T.; Arshad M.; Artaman A.; Arulappan J.; Aruleba R.T.; Aryannejad A.; Asaad M.; Asemahagn M.A.; Asemi Z.; Asghari-Jafarabadi M.; Ashraf T.; Assadi R.; Athar M.; Athari S.S.; Atout M.M.W.; Attia S.; Aujayeb A.; Ausloos M.; Avila-Burgos L.; Awedew A.F.; Awoke M.A.; Awoke T.; Ayala Quintanilla B.P.; Ayana T.M.; Ayen S.S.; Azadi D.; Azadnajafabad S.; Azami-Aghdash S.; Azanaw M.M.; Azangou-Khyavy M.; Jafari A.A.; Azizi H.; Azzam A.Y.Y.; Babajani A.; 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Koyanagi A.; Krishan K.; Krishnamoorthy Y.; Kucuk Bicer B.; Kugbey N.; Kulimbet M.; Kumar A.; Kumar G.A.; Kumar N.; Kurmi O.P.; Kuttikkattu A.; La Vecchia C.; Lahiri A.; Lal D.K.; Lám J.; Lan Q.; Landires I.; Larijani B.; Lasrado S.; Lau J.; Lauriola P.; Ledda C.; Lee S.-W.; Lee S.W.H.; Lee W.-C.; Lee Y.Y.; Lee Y.H.; Legesse S.M.; Leigh J.; Leong E.; Li M.-C.; Lim S.S.; Liu G.; Liu J.; Lo C.-H.; Lohiya A.; Lopukhov P.D.; Lorenzovici L.; Lotfi M.; Loureiro J.A.; Lunevicius R.; Madadizadeh F.; Mafi A.R.; Magdeldin S.; Mahjoub S.; Mahmoodpoor A.; Mahmoudi M.; Mahmoudimanesh M.; Mahumud R.A.; Majeed A.; Majidpoor J.; Makki A.; Makris K.C.; Malakan Rad E.; Malekpour M.-R.; Malekzadeh R.; Malik A.A.; Mallhi T.H.; Mallya S.D.; Mamun M.A.; Manda A.L.; Mansour-Ghanaei F.; Mansouri B.; Mansournia M.A.; Mantovani L.G.; Martini S.; Martorell M.; Masoudi S.; Masoumi S.Z.; Matei C.N.; Mathews E.; Mathur M.R.; Mathur V.; McKee M.; Meena J.K.; Mehmood K.; Mehrabi Nasab E.; Mehrotra R.; Melese A.; Mendoza W.; Menezes R.G.; Mengesha S.D.; Mensah L.G.; Mentis A.-F.A.; Mera-Mamián A.Y.M.; Meretoja T.J.; Merid M.W.; Mersha A.G.; Meselu B.T.; Meshkat M.; Mestrovic T.; Miao Jonasson J.; Miazgowski T.; Michalek I.M.; Mijena G.F.W.; Miller T.R.; Mir S.A.; Mirinezhad S.K.; Mirmoeeni S.; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M.; Mirzaei H.; Mirzaei H.R.; Misganaw A.S.; Misra S.; Mohammad K.A.; Mohammadi E.; Mohammadi M.; Mohammadian-Hafshejani A.; Mohammadpourhodki R.; Mohammed A.; Mohammed S.; Mohan S.; Mohseni M.; Moka N.; Mokdad A.H.; Molassiotis A.; Molokhia M.; Momenzadeh K.; Momtazmanesh S.; Monasta L.; Mons U.; Al Montasir A.; Montazeri F.; Montero A.; Moosavi M.A.; Moradi A.; Moradi Y.; Moradi Sarabi M.; Moraga P.; Morawska L.; Morrison S.D.; Morze J.; Mosapour A.; Mostafavi E.; Mousavi S.M.; Mousavi Isfahani H.; Mousavi Khaneghah A.; Mpundu-Kaambwa C.; Mubarik S.; Mulita F.; Munblit D.; Munro S.B.; Murillo-Zamora E.; Musa J.; Nabhan A.F.; Nagarajan A.J.; Nagaraju S.P.; Nagel G.; Naghipour M.; Naimzada M.D.; Nair T.S.; Naqvi A.A.; Narasimha Swamy S.; Narayana A.I.; Nassereldine H.; Natto Z.S.; Nayak B.P.; Ndejjo R.; Nduaguba S.O.; Negash W.W.; Nejadghaderi S.A.; Nejati K.; Neupane Kandel S.; Nguyen H.V.N.; Niazi R.K.; Noor N.M.; Noori M.; Noroozi N.; Nouraei H.; Nowroozi A.; Nuñez-Samudio V.; Nzoputam C.I.; Nzoputam O.J.; Oancea B.; Odukoya O.O.; Oghenetega O.B.; Ogunsakin R.E.; Oguntade A.S.; Oh I.-H.; Okati-Aliabad H.; Okekunle A.P.; Olagunju A.T.; Olagunju T.O.; Olakunde B.O.; Olufadewa I.I.; Omer E.; Omonisi A.E.E.; Ong S.; Onwujekwe O.E.; Orru H.; Otstavnov S.S.; Oulhaj A.; Oumer B.; Owopetu O.F.; Oyinloye B.E.; Mahesh P.A.; Padron-Monedero A.; Padubidri J.R.; Pakbin B.; Pakshir K.; Pakzad R.; Palicz T.; Pana A.; Pandey A.; Pandey A.; Pant S.; Pardhan S.; Park E.-C.; Park E.-K.; Park S.; Patel J.; Pati S.; Paudel R.; Paudel U.; Paun M.; Pazoki Toroudi H.; Peng M.; Pereira J.; Pereira R.B.; Perna S.; Perumalsamy N.; Pestell R.G.; Pezzani R.; Piccinelli C.; Pillay J.D.; Piracha Z.Z.; Pischon T.; 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Siraj Md.S.; Sitas F.; Siwal S.S.; Skryabin V.Y.; Skryabina A.A.; Socea B.; Soeberg M.J.; Sofi-Mahmudi A.; Solomon Y.; Soltani-Zangbar M.S.; Song S.; Song Y.; Sorensen R.J.D.; Soshnikov S.; Sotoudeh H.; Sowe A.; Sufiyan M.B.; Suk R.; Suleman M.; Suliankatchi Abdulkader R.; Sultana S.; Sur D.; Szócska M.; Tabaeian S.P.; Tabarés-Seisdedos R.; Tabatabaei S.M.; Tabuchi T.; Tadbiri H.; Taheri E.; Taheri M.; Taheri Soodejani M.; Takahashi K.; Talaat I.M.; Tampa M.; Tan K.-K.; Tat N.Y.; Tat V.Y.; Tavakoli A.; Tavakoli A.; Tehrani-Banihashemi A.; Tekalegn Y.; Tesfay F.H.; Thapar R.; Thavamani A.; Thoguluva Chandrasekar V.; Thomas N.; Thomas N.K.; Ticoalu J.H.V.; Tiyuri A.; Tollosa D.N.; Topor-Madry R.; Touvier M.; Tovani-Palone M.R.; Traini E.; Tran M.T.N.; Tripathy J.P.; Ukke G.G.; Ullah I.; Ullah S.; Ullah S.; Unnikrishnan B.; Vacante M.; Vaezi M.; Valadan Tahbaz S.; Valdez P.R.; Vardavas C.; Varthya S.B.; Vaziri S.; Velazquez D.Z.; Veroux M.; Villeneuve P.J.; Violante F.S.; Vladimirov S.K.; Vlassov V.; Vo B.; Vu L.G.; Wadood A.W.; Waheed Y.; Walde M.T.; Wamai R.G.; Wang C.; Wang F.; Wang N.; Wang Y.; Ward P.; Waris A.; Westerman R.; Wickramasinghe N.D.; Woldemariam M.; Woldu B.; Xiao H.; Xu S.; Xu X.; Yadav L.; Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H.; Yang L.; Yazdanpanah F.; Yeshaw Y.; Yismaw Y.; Yonemoto N.; Younis M.Z.; Yousefi Z.; Yousefian F.; Yu C.; Yu Y.; Yunusa I.; Zahir M.; Zaki N.; Zaman B.A.; Zangiabadian M.; Zare F.; Zare I.; Zareshahrabadi Z.; Zarrintan A.; Zastrozhin M.S.; Zeineddine M.A.; Zhang D.; Zhang J.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Z.-J.; Zhou L.; Zodpey S.; Zoladl M.; Vos T.; Hay S.I.; Force L.M.; Murray C.J.L.; GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators	The Lancet, 2022
INCDSB Authors Bogdan Oancea Mihaela Paun The Lancet 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6 Abstract Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

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